{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T20:54:02Z","timestamp":1792875242085,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,11]],"date-time":"2020-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591833600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000061","name":"Fogarty International Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 TW010091 and U2RTW010088."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 TW010091 and U2RTW010088."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000061","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this longitudinal study is to assess how pesticide use may impact metabolic biomarkers by collecting and comparing data from conventional (n = 13) and organic farmers (n = 225) every eight months for four rounds. Farmers were interviewed about family health history, food consumption behaviors, self-reported health problems, agricultural activities, and history of pesticide use. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure and body mass index (BMI) were measured. Blood samples were collected for total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), blood glucose, and triglycerides. A linear mixed model with random intercepts for subjects was used to compare the metabolic biomarkers between conventional and organic farmers and to examine the impact of the number of pesticide spray days for all four rounds after controlling for covariates. The conventional farmers reported using insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides. The marginal means for chemical farmers were significantly higher than organic farmers for total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, glucose, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, BMI, and waist circumference. Increasing the number of days of spraying either insecticides or fungicides was associated with an increase in HDL, LDL, and cholesterol levels. Increasing the number of herbicide spray days was associated with an increase in systolic and diastolic blood pressure and a decrease in BMI. These findings suggest that pesticide-using conventional farmers may be at higher risk of metabolic disease in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17114178","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,12]],"date-time":"2020-06-12T05:02:24Z","timestamp":1591938144000},"page":"4178","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Longitudinal Study of Metabolic Biomarkers among Conventional and Organic Farmers in Thailand"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3482-3705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pornpimol","family":"Kongtip","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420\/1 Rajvidhi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, EHT, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noppanun","family":"Nankongnab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420\/1 Rajvidhi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, EHT, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nichcha","family":"Kallayanatham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420\/1 Rajvidhi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, EHT, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ritthirong","family":"Pundee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mahidol University, Nakhonsawan Campus, Nakhonsawan 60130, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jutharak","family":"Yimsabai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Technology and Clinical Pathology, Buddhachinaraj Phitsanulok, 90 Sithamma traipidok Road, Muang, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1562-1945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susan","family":"Woskie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Ave, Lowell, MA 01854-2867, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25190","DOI":"10.1038\/srep25190","article-title":"Association between occupational exposures to pesticides with heterogeneous chemical structures and farmer health in China","volume":"6","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. 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