{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T06:54:33Z","timestamp":1790319273598,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,23]],"date-time":"2020-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592870400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite many studies on West Nile Virus (WNV) in the US, including the reservoir role of bird species and the summer shifts of the Culex mosquito, feeding from birds to mammals, there have been few equivalent studies in the neighboring regions of Canada where WNV is endemic. Here, a priority list of bird species likely involved in WNV transmission in the greater Montr\u00e9al area is constructed by combining three sources of data: (i) from WNV surveillance in wild birds (2002\u20132015); (ii) blood meal analysis of Culex pipiens\u2013restuans (CPR), the primary enzootic vectors of WNV in the region, collected from surveillance in 2008 and 2014; (iii) literature review on the sero-prevalence\/host competence of resident birds. Each of these data sources yielded 18, 23 and 53 species, and overall, 67 different bird species were identified as potential WNV amplifiers\/reservoirs. Of those identified from CPR blood meals, Common starlings, American robins, Song sparrows and House sparrows ranked the highest and blood meal analysis demonstrated a seasonal shift in feed preference from birds to mammals by CPR. Our study indicates that there are broad similarities in the ecology of WNV between our region and the northeastern US, although the relative importance of bird species varies somewhat between regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17124517","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,23]],"date-time":"2020-06-23T09:05:33Z","timestamp":1592903133000},"page":"4517","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Bird Species Involved in West Nile Virus Epidemiological Cycle in Southern Qu\u00e9bec"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Ludivine","family":"Taieb","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group on Epidemiology of Zoonoses and Public Health (GREZOSP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antoinette","family":"Ludwig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group on Epidemiology of Zoonoses and Public Health (GREZOSP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada"},{"name":"Public Health Risk Sciences Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC), Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nick H.","family":"Ogden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group on Epidemiology of Zoonoses and Public Health (GREZOSP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada"},{"name":"Public Health Risk Sciences Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC), Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robbin L.","family":"Lindsay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC), Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahmood","family":"Iranpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC), Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carl A.","family":"Gagnon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada"},{"name":"Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0750-997X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominique J.","family":"Bicout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomath\u00e9matiques et \u00c9pid\u00e9miologie, EPSP-TIMC, UMR CNRS 5525, Universit\u00e9 Grenoble-Alpes, VetAgro Sup, 38700 La Tronche, France"},{"name":"Laue-Langevin Institute, Theory Group, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1940.s1-20.471","article-title":"A Neurotropic Virus Isolated from the Blood of a Native of Uganda1","volume":"s1\u2013s20","author":"Smithburn","year":"1940","journal-title":"Am. 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