{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T13:59:31Z","timestamp":1790776771357,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,24]],"date-time":"2020-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592956800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Occupational asthma (OA) represents one of the major public health problems due to its high prevalence, important social and economic burden. The aim of this review is to summarize current data about clinical phenotypes, biomarkers, diagnosis and management of OA, a subtype of work-related asthma. Most studies have identified two phenotypes of OA. One is sensitizer-induced asthma, occuring after a latency period and caused by hypersensitivity to high- or low-molecular weight agents. The other is irritant-induced asthma, which can occur after one or more exposures to high concentrations of irritants without latency period. More than 400 agents causing OA have been identified and its list is growing fast. The best diagnostic approach for OA is a combination of clinical history and objective tests. An important tool is a specific inhalation challenge. Additional tests include assessments of bronchial hyperresponsiveness to methacholine\/histamine in patients without airflow limitations, monitoring peak expiratory flow at- and off-work, sputum eosinophil count, exhaled nitric oxide measurement, skin prick tests with occupational allergens and serum specific IgE. Treatment of OA implies avoidance of exposure, pharmacotherapy and education. OA is a heterogeneous disease. Mechanisms of its different phenotypes, their diagnosis, role of new biomarkers and treatment require further investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17124553","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,24]],"date-time":"2020-06-24T08:54:50Z","timestamp":1592988890000},"page":"4553","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Progress in Occupational Asthma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8038-9559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelica I.","family":"Tiotiu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital of Nancy, 54000 Nancy, France"},{"name":"Development, Adaptation and Disadvantage, Cardiorespiratory Regulations and Motor Control (EA 3450 DevAH), University of Lorraine, 54000 Nancy, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silviya","family":"Novakova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allergy Unit, Internal Consulting Department, University Hospital \u201cSt. George\u201d, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5216-8129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Labor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Centre Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"},{"name":"Medical Faculty Osijek, J.J. Strossmayer University, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8574-6869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Emelyanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, North-Western Medical University, 191015 Saint-Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8897-8342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Mihaicuta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300120 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Plamena","family":"Novakova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Clinical Allergy, Medical University, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denislava","family":"Nedeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical University Sofia, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2020, April 07). 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