{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T14:47:47Z","timestamp":1782917267817,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,24]],"date-time":"2020-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592956800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["24240091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24240091"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["15H05363"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15H05363"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The relationship between mixing ability of masticatory functions and frailty has not been well evaluated. This study investigated the prevalence of physical and comprehensive frailty and its association with mixing ability in 1106 older adults aged \u226565 years who underwent physical examination as part of the Japanese Kyoto\u2013Kameoka Study. Mixing ability was assessed using color-changing chewing gum (1\u20135 points, 5 representing the best mixing ability). Participants were divided into four groups (5 points, 4 points, 3 points, and 1 or 2 points). The modified Japanese versions of the Cardiovascular Health Study (mJ-CHS) criteria and the validated Kihon Checklist (KCL) were used to assess physical and comprehensive frailty, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between frailty and mixing ability. The prevalence of physical and comprehensive frailty was 11.8% and 27.9%, respectively. After adjusting for confounders, the odds ratios of physical and comprehensive frailty comparing the highest to the lowest chewing gum score groups were 3.64 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.62 to 8.18; p for trend = 0.001) and 2.09 (95% CI: 1.09 to 4.03; p for trend = 0.009), respectively. Mixing-ability tests involving chewing gum may be an indicator associated with both physical and comprehensive frailty.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17124555","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,24]],"date-time":"2020-06-24T10:54:59Z","timestamp":1592996099000},"page":"4555","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Association between Mixing Ability of Masticatory Functions Measured Using Color-Changing Chewing Gum and Frailty among Japanese Older Adults: The Kyoto\u2013Kameoka Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5644-1428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daiki","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo 162-8636, Japan"},{"name":"Institute for Active Health, Kyoto University of Advanced Science, Kyoto 621-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2304-6872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tsukasa","family":"Yoshida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo 162-8636, Japan"},{"name":"Institute for Active Health, Kyoto University of Advanced Science, Kyoto 621-8555, Japan"},{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Health Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan"},{"name":"Senior Citizen\u2019s Welfare Section, Kameoka City Government, Kyoto 621-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keiichi","family":"Yokoyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Active Health, Kyoto University of Advanced Science, Kyoto 621-8555, Japan"},{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Health Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasuko","family":"Yoshinaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Faculty Development, Kyoto University of Advanced Science, Kyoto 621-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuya","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo 162-8636, Japan"},{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Health Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan"},{"name":"Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Doshisha University, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takeshi","family":"Kikutani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rehabilitation for Speech and Swallowing Disorders, Nippon Dental University, Tokyo 184-0011, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2981-4641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mitsuyoshi","family":"Yoshida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Prosthodontics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical &amp; Health Sciences, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4284-6317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yosuke","family":"Yamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo 162-8636, Japan"},{"name":"Institute for Active Health, Kyoto University of Advanced Science, Kyoto 621-8555, Japan"},{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Health Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Misaka","family":"Kimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Active Health, Kyoto University of Advanced Science, Kyoto 621-8555, Japan"},{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Health Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Nursing, Doshisha Women\u2019s College of Liberal Arts, Kyoto 610-0395, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Kyoto-Kameoka Study Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31786-6","article-title":"Frailty: Implications for clinical practice and public health","volume":"394","author":"Hoogendijk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)62167-9","article-title":"Frailty in elderly people","volume":"381","author":"Clegg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2013.03.022","article-title":"Frailty consensus: A call to action","volume":"14","author":"Morley","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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