{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T03:30:37Z","timestamp":1792294237451,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,30]],"date-time":"2020-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593475200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Malaria transmission largely depends on environmental, climatic, and hydrological conditions. In Mali, malaria epidemiological patterns are nested within three ecological zones. This study aimed at assessing the relationship between those conditions and the incidence of malaria in Dangassa and Koila, Mali. Malaria data was collected through passive case detection at community health facilities of each study site from June 2015 to January 2017. Climate and environmental data were obtained over the same time period from the Goddard Earth Sciences (Giovanni) platform and hydrological data from Mali hydraulic services. A generalized additive model was used to determine the lagged time between each principal component analysis derived component and the incidence of malaria cases, and also used to analyze the relationship between malaria and the lagged components in a multivariate approach. Malaria transmission patterns were bimodal at both sites, but peak and lull periods were longer lasting for Koila study site. Temperatures were associated with malaria incidence in both sites. In Dangassa, the wind speed (p = 0.005) and river heights (p = 0.010) contributed to increasing malaria incidence, in contrast to Koila, where it was humidity (p &lt; 0.001) and vegetation (p = 0.004). The relationships between environmental factors and malaria incidence differed between the two settings, implying different malaria dynamics and adjustments in the conception and plan of interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17134698","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,30]],"date-time":"2020-06-30T09:04:59Z","timestamp":1593507899000},"page":"4698","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Spatio-Temporal Dynamic of Malaria Incidence: A Comparison of Two Ecological Zones in Mali"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1171-7288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fran\u00e7ois Freddy","family":"Ateba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako BP 1805, Mali"},{"name":"Department of Mathematics, University of Quebec at Montreal (UQAM), Montr\u00e9al, QC H2X 3Y7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Issaka","family":"Sagara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako BP 1805, Mali"},{"name":"Department of Public Health Education and Research, Faculty of Medicine and Odonto-Stomatology, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako BP 1805, Mali"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nafomon","family":"Sogoba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako BP 1805, Mali"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahamoudou","family":"Tour\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako BP 1805, Mali"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Drissa","family":"Konat\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako BP 1805, Mali"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5154-2940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sory Ibrahim","family":"Diawara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako BP 1805, Mali"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00e9idina Aboubacar Samba","family":"Diakit\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako BP 1805, Mali"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayouba","family":"Diarra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako BP 1805, Mali"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5151-6945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mamadou D.","family":"Coulibaly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako BP 1805, Mali"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathias","family":"Dolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako BP 1805, Mali"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amagana","family":"Dolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako BP 1805, Mali"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aissata","family":"Sacko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Education and Research, Faculty of Medicine and Odonto-Stomatology, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako BP 1805, Mali"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sidibe M\u2019baye","family":"Thiam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako BP 1805, Mali"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aliou","family":"Sissako","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Molecular Biology (LBMA), Science and Technologies Faculty (FST), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako BP 1805, Mali"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lansana","family":"Sangar\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Molecular Biology (LBMA), Science and Technologies Faculty (FST), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako BP 1805, Mali"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahamadou","family":"Diakit\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako BP 1805, Mali"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1637-5600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ousmane A.","family":"Koita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Molecular Biology (LBMA), Science and Technologies Faculty (FST), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako BP 1805, Mali"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mady","family":"Cissoko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako BP 1805, Mali"},{"name":"APHM, INSERM, IRD, SESSTIM, Hop Timone, BioSTIC, Biostatistic &amp; ICT, Aix Marseille Universit\u00e9, 13005 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00e9kou Fantamady","family":"Traore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako BP 1805, Mali"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9536-2973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter John","family":"Winch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Febrero-Bande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics, Mathematical Analysis and Optimization, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8569-5507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey G.","family":"Shaffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Biostatistics and Data Science, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America, 1440 Canal Street New Orleans, LA 70112, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald J.","family":"Krogtad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Biostatistics and Data Science, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America, 1440 Canal Street New Orleans, LA 70112, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1895-8132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannah Catherine","family":"Marker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seydou","family":"Doumbia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako BP 1805, Mali"},{"name":"Department of Public Health Education and Research, Faculty of Medicine and Odonto-Stomatology, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako BP 1805, Mali"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9006-5729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean","family":"Gaudart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako BP 1805, Mali"},{"name":"APHM, INSERM, IRD, SESSTIM, Hop Timone, BioSTIC, Biostatistic &amp; ICT, Aix Marseille Universit\u00e9, 13005 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0363","article-title":"Framework for Evaluating the Health Impact of the Scale-Up of Malaria Control Interventions on All-Cause Child Mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"97","author":"Eisele","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. 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