{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T16:19:43Z","timestamp":1761581983559,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,7]],"date-time":"2020-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594080000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this study was to analyze the changes in biochemical markers of oxidative stress and muscle damage, as well as psychomotor abilities during a military survival training. The study included 15 soldiers of special unit (SU), that completed 48 h military survival training combined with sleep deprivation. Before the training (P1), after 24 h (P2), and after 48 h of training (P3), blood samples were taken to measure biochemical markers. At the same time points, the measurements of divided attention and handgrip strength were conducted. Glutathione peroxidase activity decreased significantly at P3, in comparison with P1 and P2 (p &lt; 0.0001), however, no changes were observed in other biochemical markers (i.e., lipid hydroperoxides, creatine kinase and superoxide dismutase activity) throughout the survival training (p &gt; 0.05). The divided attention index was improved significantly at P2 and P3, as compared to P1 (p &lt; 0.05). A tendency to change in maximum strength was found during the training period (main time effect; p = 0.08). Moreover, the strength differentiation (i.e., 50% maximum strength; 50%max) was higher at P3 than at P1 and P2 (p &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, the 48 h survival training in the SU soldiers does not cause oxidative stress or muscle tissue damage, as well as any deterioration, and even improvement in psychomotor abilities. However, the change in strength differentiation (i.e., the production above 60%max instead of target 50%max) after the training may point to deterioration in motor control. Although it should be confirmed in further study with a more numerous group of soldiers, our findings indicate that the special unit soldiers will be able to perform, in a correct manner, specialized tasks related to their long-term activities, especially those which require divided attention. However, participation in long-term survival training, even with low workload, combined with sleep deprivation, results in a deterioration in motor control which may indicate the relevance of monitoring coordination motor abilities\/skills in the training process of special unit soldiers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17134886","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,7]],"date-time":"2020-07-07T10:41:09Z","timestamp":1594118469000},"page":"4886","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Assessment of the Levels of Oxidative Stress, Muscle Damage, and Psychomotor Abilities of Special Force Soldiers during Military Survival Training"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"R\u00f3\u017ca\u0144ski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Physical Education and Health in Bia\u0142a Podlaska, J\u00f3zef Pi\u0142sudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, 00-968 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7291-1776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewa","family":"J\u00f3wko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Health in Bia\u0142a Podlaska, J\u00f3zef Pi\u0142sudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, 00-968 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3887-1560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrzej","family":"Tomczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Education for Security, Faculty of National Security, War Studies University in Warsaw, 00-910 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Bahmanyar, M., and Osman, C. (2008). SEALs: The US NAVYs Elite Lighting Force, Amber Book Ltd."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Denece, E. (2007). Historia Oddzia\u0142\u00f3w Specjalnych, Bellona. (In Polish)."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Kr\u00f3likowski, H. (2004). Historia Dzia\u0142a\u0144 Specjalnych, Bellona. (In Polish)."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Winnett, R., and Sparks, J. (2004, February 29). Saddams Sea of Fire Foiled by Polish SAS. The Sunday Times. Available online: https:\/\/www.thetimes.co.uk\/article\/saddams-sea-of-fire-foiled-by-polish-sas-f97w6pwlg2d."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"McNab, C. (2002). Nab\u00f3r Do Si\u0142 Specjalnych, Bellona. (In Polish)."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Cynarski, W.J., Daniluk, A., and Litwiniuk, A. (2003). Osobowo\u015bciowe Predyspozycje os\u00f3b Uprawiaj\u0105cych Sporty I Sztuki Walki do Zawodu Antyterrorysty I Pracownika Ochrony, PSW. (In Polish)."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Kr\u00f3likowski, H. (2002). Wojskowa Formacja Specjalna GROM, Gda\u0144ski Dom Wydawniczy. (In Polish)."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Rybak, J. (2009). Grom. pl. Tajne Operacje Polskich Si\u0142 Specjalnych, Jeden \u015awiat. (In Polish)."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.slsci.2014.11.001","article-title":"The effects of sleep loss on capacity and effort","volume":"7","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sleep Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.008","article-title":"Sleep and exercise: A reciprocal issue?","volume":"20","author":"Chennaoui","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.09.022","article-title":"The influence of shift work on cognitive functions and oxidative stress","volume":"210","author":"Selvi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trivedi, M.S., Holger, D., Bui, A.T., Craddock, T.J.A., and Tartar, J.L. (2017). Short-term sleep deprivation leads to decreased systemic redox metabolites and altered epigenetic status. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0181978"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J\u00f3wko, E., R\u00f3\u017ca\u0144ski, P., and Tomczak, A. (2018). Effects of a 36-h Survival Training with Sleep Deprivation on Oxidative Stress and Muscle Damage Biomarkers in Young Healthy Men. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15102066"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1515\/pjst-2017-0011","article-title":"Selected Coordination Motor Abilities of Students of the University of Physical Education during Survival Training","volume":"24","author":"Tomczak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pol. J. Sport Tour."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.3357\/AMHP.5302.2019","article-title":"Changes in Coordination Motor Abilities of Naval Academy Cadets during Military Survival Training","volume":"90","author":"Tomczak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aerosp. Med. Hum. Perform."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Mc Nab, C. (2008). The SAS and Elite Forces. Military Survival Handbook, Amber Book Ltd."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Starba Ba\u0142uk, S. (2008). Commando Cichociemn, ASKON. (In Polish)."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Stilwell, A. (2012). SAS and Elite Forces: Special Forces in Action, Amber Books Ltd."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Haskew, M. (2009). Jednostki Elitarne II Wojny \u015awiatowej, MUZA S.A.. (In Polish)."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1021\/tx970180z","article-title":"Reactions ofN-Methyl-2-phenylindole with Malondialdehyde and 4-Hydroxyalkenals. Mechanistic Aspects of the Colorimetric Assay of Lipid Peroxidation","volume":"11","author":"Erdelmeier","year":"1998","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Klocek, T., Spieszny, M., and Szczepanik, M. (2002). Komputerowe Testy Zdolno\u015bci Koordynacyjnych, COS. (In Polish)."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Juras, G., and Wa\u015bkiewicz, Z. (1998). Temporal, Spatial, and Dynamic Aspects of Coordination Motor Abilities, AWF. (In Polish)."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.3390\/biom5020356","article-title":"Impact of Oxidative Stress on Exercising Skeletal Muscle","volume":"5","author":"Steinbacher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-5918-8-1","article-title":"Acute exercise and oxidative stress: A 30 year history","volume":"8","author":"Bloomer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dyn. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1139\/h04-017","article-title":"Anaerobic Exercise and Oxidative Stress: A Review","volume":"29","author":"Bloomer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Can. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(03)00151-3","article-title":"Oxidative stress, exercise, and antioxidant supplementation","volume":"189","author":"Urso","year":"2003","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410410001716724","article-title":"Pre-exercise antioxidant enzyme activities determine the antioxidant enzyme erythrocyte response to exercise","volume":"23","author":"Tauler","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2010.3586","article-title":"Glutathione Peroxidase-1 in Health and Disease: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Opportunities","volume":"15","author":"Lubos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2016.06.037","article-title":"Cognitive function, stress hormones, heart rate and nutritional status during simulated captivity in military survival training","volume":"165","author":"Lieberman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2006.07.008","article-title":"Sleep deprivation as a neurobiologic and physiologic stressor: Allostasis and allostatic load","volume":"55","author":"McEwen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/234952","article-title":"Sleep Deprivation and Oxidative Stress in Animal Models: A Systematic Review","volume":"2015","author":"Villafuerte","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"672","article-title":"Sleep deprivation-induced multi-organ injury: Role of oxidative stress and inflammation","volume":"14","author":"Periasamy","year":"2015","journal-title":"EXCLI J."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"95","article-title":"Consequences of sleep deprivation","volume":"23","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Occup. Med. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01437","article-title":"60-Hour Sleep Deprivation Affects Submaximal but Not Maximal Physical Performance","volume":"9","author":"Vaara","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2005.11.009","article-title":"Effects of sleep deprivation and exercise on cognitive, motor performance and mood","volume":"87","author":"Scott","year":"2006","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.3357\/AMHP.4831.2018","article-title":"Adrenal Stress and Physical Performance during Military Survival Training","volume":"89","author":"Szivak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aerosp. Med. Hum. Perform."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/13\/4886\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:48:25Z","timestamp":1760176105000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/13\/4886"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,7]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph17134886"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17134886","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1660-4601"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,7]]}}}