{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T19:35:58Z","timestamp":1775158558833,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,13]],"date-time":"2020-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594598400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Concerns about the widespread use of pesticides have been growing due to the adverse effects of chemicals on the environment and human health. It has prompted worldwide research into the development of a replacement to chemical disinfection of soil. The efficiency of steam sterilization, an alternative to chemical methods, has improved as technology has advanced, and the Agricultural Research and Extension Service in Korea recommends the use of steam sterilization. However, few studies have been conducted on the effects and operating conditions of high-temperature steam disinfection. In this study, we present the optimum operating conditions of a high-steam disinfector, to maximize the cost-effectiveness and removal efficiency of total nematodes and total bacteria in soil using the Box\u2212Behnken design. The experimental data were fitted to a second-order polynomial equation using multiple regression analysis, with coefficients of determination (R2) for each model of 0.9279, 0.9678, and 0.9979. The optimum conditions were found to be a steam temperature of 150.56 \u00b0C, running speed of 1.69 m\/min, and spray depth of 15.0 cm, with a corresponding desirability value of 0.8367. In the model, these conditions cause the prediction of the following responses: nematode removal efficiency of 93.99%, bacteria removal efficiency of 97.49%, and oil consumption of 70.49 mL\/m2. At the optimum conditions for the steam disinfector, the removal efficiencies of nematodes and bacteria were maximized, and the oil consumption was minimized. The results of our study can be used as basic data for efficient soil disinfection using high-temperature steam.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17145029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,14]],"date-time":"2020-07-14T09:30:49Z","timestamp":1594719049000},"page":"5029","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Optimizing Operating Parameters of High-Temperature Steam for Disinfecting Total Nematodes and Bacteria in Soil: Application of the Box\u2212Behnken Design"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Da-An","family":"Huh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Science, Korea University, Anam-ro 145, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Woo Ri","family":"Chae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Safety Convergence Science, Korea University, Anam-ro 145, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hong Lyuer","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Safety Convergence Science, Korea University, Anam-ro 145, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joung Ho","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Technology Research and Development, JSE Inc., Muyeol-ro 39, Suseong-gu, Daegu 42033, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoo Sin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Technology Research and Development, JSE Inc., Muyeol-ro 39, Suseong-gu, Daegu 42033, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Young-Whan","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Technology Research and Development, JSE Inc., Muyeol-ro 39, Suseong-gu, Daegu 42033, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyong Whan","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Safety Convergence Science, Korea University, Anam-ro 145, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3801","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-013-4826-9","article-title":"Development of biological soil disinfestations in Japan","volume":"97","author":"Momma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Taylor, A.L., and Sasser, J.N. (1978). Biology, Identification and Control of Root-Knot Nematodes (Meloidogyne Species), North Carolina State University Graphics."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"RDA (2016). Distrubution and Occurrence of Root-Knot Nematodes under Greenhouse Cultivation, Rural Development Administration."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Shurtleff, M.C., and Averre, C.W. (2000). Diagnosing Plant Diseases Caused by Nematodes, APS Press."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"RDA (2014). Study on Occurrence and Damage to Disease and Pest of Crops by Climate Changes, Rural Development Administration."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"UNEP (2010). 2010 Report of the Methyl Bromide Technical Options Committee, United Nations Environmental Programme."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chrustek, A., Ho\u0142y\u0144ska-Iwan, I., Dziembowska, I., Bogusiewicz, J., Wr\u00f3blewski, M., Cwynar, A., and Olszewska-S\u0142onina, D. (2018). Current Research on the Safety of Pyrethroids Used as Insecticides. Medicina (Kaunas), 54.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina54040061"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"UNEP (1998). 1998 Report of the Methyl Bromide Technical Options Committee, United Nations Environmental Programme."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"118","article-title":"Principles of heat treatment of soil and planting material","volume":"28","author":"Baker","year":"1962","journal-title":"J. Aust. Inst. Agr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.17660\/ActaHortic.2010.883.31","article-title":"Physical methods for soil disinfestation in intensive agriculture: Old methods and new approaches","volume":"883","author":"Runia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Hortic."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1094\/PHYTO-11-19-0406-IA","article-title":"Strawberries at the Crossroads: Management of Soilborne Diseases in California Without Methyl Bromide","volume":"110","author":"Holmes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phytopathology"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Lee, Y.K. (2014). The Study on the Soil Temperature Heated by Steam Injection of the Steam Soil Sterilizer. [Master Thesis, Yeungnam University]."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201504-221OC","article-title":"Nationwide study of humidifier disinfectant lung injury in South Korea, 1994\u20132011. Incidence and dose\u2013response relationships","volume":"12","author":"Paek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Jang, I.H. (2010). Evaluation of Damage Caused by Root-Knot Nematode in Eggplant and the Effect of High Temperature Steam Treatment on Nematode Growth. [Master Thesis, Catholic University]."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"438","article-title":"On the methodology of nematode extraction from field samples: Baermann funnel modifications","volume":"15","author":"Viglierchio","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Nematol."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Cappuccino, J.G., and Welsh, C.T. (2017). Microbiology: A Laboratory Manual, Global Edition, Benjamin-Cummings Publishing Company."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2010.09.087","article-title":"Determining the optimal re-sampling strategy for a classification model with imbalanced data using design of experiments and response surface methodologies","volume":"38","author":"Tong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khuri, A.I. (2006). Response Surface Methodology and Related Topics, World Scientific Publishing Co.","DOI":"10.1142\/9789812774736"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Montgomery, D.C. (2002). Design and Analysis of Experiments, John Wiley & Sons. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2012.05.011","article-title":"Development of model for mechanical properties of tapioca starch based edible films","volume":"42","author":"Sivakumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1016\/S0731-7085(01)00659-8","article-title":"The use of the Box\u2013Behnken experimental design in the optimisation and robustness testing of a capillary electrophoresis method for the analysis of ethambutol hydrochloride in a pharmaceutical formulation","volume":"27","author":"Ragonese","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Pharm Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"494","article-title":"The desirability function","volume":"21","author":"Harrington","year":"1965","journal-title":"Ind. Qual. Control"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-7796-5_2","article-title":"Environmental and economic costs of the application of pesticides primarily in the United States","volume":"Volume 3","author":"Pimentel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Integrated Pest Management: Pesticide Problems"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.5424\/sjar\/2007053-5344","article-title":"An overview on the environmental behavior of pesticide residues in soils","volume":"5","author":"Navarro","year":"2007","journal-title":"Span. J. Agric. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2607","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0115746","article-title":"Effect of soil moisture and sample depth on pesticide photolysis","volume":"50","author":"Frank","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2910","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2006.04.051","article-title":"Field-scale study of the variability in pesticide biodegradation with soil depth and its relationship with soil characteristics","volume":"38","author":"Jones","year":"2006","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tateya, A. (2010). Japan\u2019s Big Effort to Phase-out of Methyl Bromide by 2013, International Society for Horticultural Science (ISHS).","DOI":"10.17660\/ActaHortic.2010.883.7"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"141","article-title":"Effect of soil disinfection with chemical and biological methods on bacterial communities","volume":"3","author":"Rokunuzzaman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Basic Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"12","article-title":"Soil fumigation and soil solarization in strawberry production","volume":"10","author":"Himelrick","year":"1991","journal-title":"Adv. Straw Prod."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"185","article-title":"Soil treatment with hot air (Cultivit) as alternative to methyl bromide","volume":"71","author":"Runia","year":"2006","journal-title":"Commun. Agric. Appl. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Runia, W.T., Janse, J., Maaswinkel, R., and Molendijk, L.P.G. (2007). Effect of Soil Treatment with Hot Air (Cultivit) on Crop Development of Squash. Applied Plant Research, Wageningen University and Research. Report 3250074700."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ascard, J., Hatcher, P.E., Melander, B., and Upadhyaya, M.K. (2007). Non-chemical Weed Management: Thermal Weed Control, CAB International.","DOI":"10.1079\/9781845932909.0155"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cropro.2005.03.016","article-title":"Use of microwaves in the prevention of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis infection during the commercial production of melon plantlets","volume":"25","year":"2006","journal-title":"Crop. Prot."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.3725\/jjn.37.93","article-title":"Suppressive effect of anaerobically digested slurry on the root lesion nematode Pratylenchus penetrans and its potential mechanisms","volume":"37","author":"Min","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nematol. Res. (Jpn. J. Nematol.)"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1080\/03601230802388751","article-title":"Natural organic compounds as alternative to methyl bromide for nematodes control","volume":"43","author":"Clark","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health Part. B"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"119","article-title":"Mortality of Pratylenchus penetrans by volatile fatty acids from liquid hog manure","volume":"40","author":"Mahran","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Nematol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.17660\/ActaHortic.2014.1044.20","article-title":"Anaerobic soil disinfestation for soil borne disease control in strawberry and vegetable systems: Current knowledge and future directions","volume":"1044","author":"Shennan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Hortic."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1080\/15320383.2018.1502744","article-title":"Box\u2013Behnken design for the optimization of the removal of Cr(VI) in soil leachate using nZVI\/Ni bimetallic particles","volume":"27","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soil Sediment Contam. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1021\/jf304970g","article-title":"Application of Box-Behnken experimental design to optimize the extraction of insecticidal Cry1Ac from soil","volume":"61","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/2251-6832-3-31","article-title":"Box-Behnken design application to study enhanced bioremediation of soil artificially contaminated with spent engine oil using biostimulation strategy","volume":"3","author":"Agarry","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Energy Environ. Eng."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/14\/5029\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:50:59Z","timestamp":1760176259000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/14\/5029"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,13]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph17145029"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17145029","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,13]]}}}