{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T01:09:33Z","timestamp":1790644173840,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,14]],"date-time":"2020-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010654","name":"Universidad San Francisco de Quito","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Chancellor Grant 2015 Proyecto ID: 1106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Chancellor Grant 2015 Proyecto ID: 1106"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010654","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Contamination of natural water sources is one of the main health problems worldwide, which could be caused by chemicals, metals, or microbial agents. This study aimed to analyze the quality of 18 rivers located in Quito, the capital province of Pichincha, Ecuador, through physico-chemical and microbial parameters. The E. coli and total coliforms assessments were performed by a counting procedure in growth media. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was realized to detect several microbial genera, as well as Candida albicans, two parasites (Cryptosporidium and Giardia spp.) and E. coli pathotypes: enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) and enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC). Additionally, physico-chemical parameters and major and trace metals were analyzed in each surface water sample. Our results demonstrated that most of the rivers analyzed do not comply with the microbial, physico-chemical, and metal requirements established by the Ecuadorian legislation. In terms of microbial pollution, the most polluted rivers were Monjas, Mach\u00e1ngara, Pisque, and Pita Rivers. Furthermore, three out of four analyzed E. coli pathotypes (EIEC, EHEC, and EAEC) were detected in certain rivers, specifically: Monjas River showed the presence of EIEC and EHEC; in the Mach\u00e1ngara River, EAEC and EIEC were detected; and finally, EIEC was present in the Guayllabamba River. Several physico-chemical parameters, such as pH, CODtotal, and TSS values, were higher than the Ecuadorian guidelines in 11, 28, and 28% of the rivers, respectively. Regarding heavy metals, Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb, Cd, and Mn surpassed the established values in 94, 89, 61, 22, 22, and 17% of the rivers, respectively. Machangara River was the only one that registered higher Cr concentrations than the national guidelines. The values of Al and Fe were above the recommended values in 83 and 72% of the rivers. Overall, based on the physical-chemical and microbiological parameters the most contaminated rivers were Mach\u00e1ngara and Monjas. This study revealed severe contaminations in Ecuadorean Rivers; further studies should evaluate the sources of contamination and their impact on public health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17145048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,14]],"date-time":"2020-07-14T09:30:49Z","timestamp":1594719049000},"page":"5048","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Determination of the Microbial and Chemical Loads in Rivers from the Quito Capital Province of Ecuador (Pichincha)\u2014A Preliminary Analysis of Microbial and Chemical Quality of the Main Rivers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Pamela","family":"Borja-Serrano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Microbiolog\u00eda, Colegio de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas y Ambientales (COCIBA), Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ), Diego de Robles y V\u00eda Interoce\u00e1nica, Campus Cumbay\u00e1, Casilla Postal 17-1200-841, Quito 170901, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3826-2079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valeria","family":"Ochoa-Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Microbiolog\u00eda, Colegio de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas y Ambientales (COCIBA), Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ), Diego de Robles y V\u00eda Interoce\u00e1nica, Campus Cumbay\u00e1, Casilla Postal 17-1200-841, Quito 170901, Ecuador"},{"name":"Colegio de Ciencias e Ingenier\u00eda, El Polit\u00e9cnico, Instituto Bi\u00f3sfera, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito 170901, Ecuador"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3482-3892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laurence","family":"Maurice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geosciences Environnement Toulouse, CNRS\/IRD\/CNES\/Universit\u00e9 Paul Sabatier, 14 avenue Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France"},{"name":"\u00c1rea de Salud de la Universidad Andina Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar, Toledo N22-80, P.O. Box 17-12-569, Quito 170143, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colegio de Ciencias e Ingenier\u00eda, El Polit\u00e9cnico, Instituto Bi\u00f3sfera, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito 170901, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristian","family":"Quilumbaqui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colegio de Ciencias e Ingenier\u00eda, El Polit\u00e9cnico, Instituto Bi\u00f3sfera, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito 170901, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Tejera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda y Ciencias Aplicadas, Grupo de Bioquimioinform\u00e1tica, Universidad de Las Am\u00e9ricas, Quito 170125, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5089-8723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Microbiolog\u00eda, Colegio de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas y Ambientales (COCIBA), Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ), Diego de Robles y V\u00eda Interoce\u00e1nica, Campus Cumbay\u00e1, Casilla Postal 17-1200-841, Quito 170901, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wsj.2017.03.003","article-title":"Physico-chemical and bacteriological screening of Hussain Sagar lake: An urban wetland","volume":"31","author":"Kora","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.05.128","article-title":"Public environmental awareness of water pollution from urban growth: The case of Zarjub and Goharrud rivers in Rasht, Iran","volume":"599\u2013600","author":"Noorhosseini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. 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