{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T22:28:19Z","timestamp":1768516099108,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,20]],"date-time":"2020-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595203200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Research and Development Affairs Office, University of Macau, People\u2019s Republic of China","award":["MYRG2015-00111-FSS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MYRG2015-00111-FSS"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: Evaluate the psychometric properties and structural validity of the Filipino version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) among Filipino domestic workers (FDWs). Methods: In Study 1, 131 FDWs completed PSQI and other scales, along with 10-day actigraphic assessment with accompanying electronic daily sleep dairy. A subsample of 61 participants completed follow-up assessment after 10 days. In Study 2, 1363 FDWs were recruited and randomized into two halves. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were used in the two halves, respectively. Results: In Study 1, the Cronbach\u2019s alpha of the PSQI was 0.63 at baseline and 0.67 at follow-up. Test-retest reliability for the PSQI global score based on intraclass correlation was 0.63. Convergent validity was supported by the significant associations between the PSQI global score, PSQI components scores, sleep patterns from the daily sleep diary, and measures of depression, anxiety, and rumination. Small correlations between the PSQI global score and measures of daytime sleepiness, social support, and self-reported height, supported discriminant validity. In Study 2, EFA yielded two PSQI factors with acceptable factor loadings. CFA established that this two-factor model, comprised of perceived sleep quality and sleep efficiency, evidenced better model fit than alternative models tested. The Cronbach\u2019s alpha of two factors was 0.70 and 0.81, respectively. Conclusions: The PSQI demonstrated good internal consistency of two factors, and good convergent, and divergent validity. Results can be referenced in future studies to measure and screen sleep dysfunction among clinical and non-clinical populations in the Philippines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17145219","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,20]],"date-time":"2020-07-20T06:08:17Z","timestamp":1595225297000},"page":"5219","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Psychometric and Structural Validity of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index among Filipino Domestic Workers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4092-8028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peng","family":"Xiong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China"},{"name":"Global and Community Mental Health Research Group, Department of Psychology, The University of Macau, Macau (SAR) 999078, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adam P.","family":"Spira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Center on Aging and Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9358-2377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian J.","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global and Community Mental Health Research Group, Department of Psychology, The University of Macau, Macau (SAR) 999078, China"},{"name":"Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2008.10.004","article-title":"Assessing sleep during pregnancy: A study across two time points examining the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and associations with depressive symptoms","volume":"19","author":"Skouteris","year":"2009","journal-title":"Womens Health Issues"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2009.06.001","article-title":"Searching for the daytime impairments of primary insomnia","volume":"14","author":"Shekleton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sleep Med. 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