{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T23:51:57Z","timestamp":1791589917469,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,23]],"date-time":"2020-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595462400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004586","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["E-26\/110.296\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/110.296\/2014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In Brazil, gas station workers are occupationally exposed to the benzene present in gasoline. Brazilian law indicates the use of trans,trans-muconic acid(t,t-MA) as a biomarker of benzene exposure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of exposure to benzene in gas station workers, through the quantification of t,t-MA present in urine. A total number of 269 gas station workers divided into 179 filling station attendants exposed by inhalation and dermal route and 90 convenience store workers exposed only by inhalation were included. A control group was formed by 100 office workers, without occupational exposure to benzene. The urinary levels of t,t-MA were evaluated by HPLC with a UV detector. Gas station workers showed higher mean values of t,t-MA (0.204 mg\/g creatinine; 95% CI 0.170\u20130.237) than office workers (0.126 mg\/g creatinine; 95% CI 0.0817\u20130.1693). T,t-MA levels were higher in convenience store workers exposed to gasoline only by inhalation (0.221 mg\/g creatinine; 95% CI 0.160\u20130.282), than in those exposed to gasoline by inhalation and dermal route\u2014filling station attendants (0.195 mg\/g creatinine; 95% CI 0.155\u20130.235). Gas station workers with a higher level of t,t-MA had epistaxis. T,t-MA values were higher in the Downtown (0.15 mg\/g creatinine) region\u2019s workers than in the more affluent South Zone region\u2019s workers (0.07 mg\/g creatinine). Smoking habits influenced the urinary t,t-MA values, while the frequency of consumption of industrialized and frozen foods showed no influence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17155295","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,23]],"date-time":"2020-07-23T10:14:06Z","timestamp":1595499246000},"page":"5295","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Analysis of Benzene Exposure in Gas Station Workers Using Trans,Trans-Muconic Acid"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7061-1574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara Rodrigues","family":"Geraldino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical Area of Environment, Work and Cancer, Prevention and Surveillance Coordination, National Cancer Institute Jos\u00e9 Alencar Gomes da Silva\u2013INCA, Rio de Janeiro CEP 20230-240, Brazil"},{"name":"Environmental Mutagenesis Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Biomedical Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro State (UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro CEP 20211-040, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6287-4748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafaella Ferreira Nascimento","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical Area of Environment, Work and Cancer, Prevention and Surveillance Coordination, National Cancer Institute Jos\u00e9 Alencar Gomes da Silva\u2013INCA, Rio de Janeiro CEP 20230-240, Brazil"},{"name":"Environmental Mutagenesis Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Biomedical Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro State (UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro CEP 20211-040, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0837-6283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juliana Barroso","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical Area of Environment, Work and Cancer, Prevention and Surveillance Coordination, National Cancer Institute Jos\u00e9 Alencar Gomes da Silva\u2013INCA, Rio de Janeiro CEP 20230-240, Brazil"},{"name":"Environmental Mutagenesis Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Biomedical Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro State (UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro CEP 20211-040, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9815-1832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabela","family":"Giardini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical Area of Environment, Work and Cancer, Prevention and Surveillance Coordination, National Cancer Institute Jos\u00e9 Alencar Gomes da Silva\u2013INCA, Rio de Janeiro CEP 20230-240, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9450-5370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula Vieira Baptista","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical Area of Environment, Work and Cancer, Prevention and Surveillance Coordination, National Cancer Institute Jos\u00e9 Alencar Gomes da Silva\u2013INCA, Rio de Janeiro CEP 20230-240, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1604-8845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c9lida","family":"Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical Area of Environment, Work and Cancer, Prevention and Surveillance Coordination, National Cancer Institute Jos\u00e9 Alencar Gomes da Silva\u2013INCA, Rio de Janeiro CEP 20230-240, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8121-8700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katia Soares","family":"da Po\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical Area of Environment, Work and Cancer, Prevention and Surveillance Coordination, National Cancer Institute Jos\u00e9 Alencar Gomes da Silva\u2013INCA, Rio de Janeiro CEP 20230-240, Brazil"},{"name":"Environmental Mutagenesis Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Biomedical Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro State (UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro CEP 20211-040, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rocio","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oncovirology Laboratory, Bone Marrow Transplantation Center (CEMO), National Cancer Institute Jos\u00e9 Alencar Gomes da Silva\u2013INCA, Rio de Janeiro CEP 20230-130, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1464-2410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ubirani Barros","family":"Otero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical Area of Environment, Work and Cancer, Prevention and Surveillance Coordination, National Cancer Institute Jos\u00e9 Alencar Gomes da Silva\u2013INCA, Rio de Janeiro CEP 20230-240, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8976-4653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcia","family":"Sarpa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical Area of Environment, Work and Cancer, Prevention and Surveillance Coordination, National Cancer Institute Jos\u00e9 Alencar Gomes da Silva\u2013INCA, Rio de Janeiro CEP 20230-240, Brazil"},{"name":"Environmental Mutagenesis Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Biomedical Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro State (UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro CEP 20211-040, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2017). 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