{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T15:14:39Z","timestamp":1787066079935,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,28]],"date-time":"2020-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595894400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"UK Research and Innovation Global Challenge Research Fund","award":["MR\/P027938\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/P027938\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Due to different social and physical environments across Africa, understanding how these environments differ in interacting with placental disorders will play an important role in developing effective interventions. Methods: A scoping review was conducted, to identify current knowledge on interactions between the physical and social environment and the incidence of placental disease in Africa. Results: Heavy metals were said to be harmful when environmental concentrations are beyond critical limits. Education level, maternal age, attendance of antenatal care and parity were the most investigated social determinants. Conclusions: More evidence is needed to determine the relationships between the environment and placental function in Africa. The results show that understanding the nature of the relationship between social determinants of health (SDH) and placental health outcomes plays a pivotal role in understanding the risk in the heterogenous communities in Africa.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17155421","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,28]],"date-time":"2020-07-28T10:16:49Z","timestamp":1595931409000},"page":"5421","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Interactions between the Physical and Social Environments with Adverse Pregnancy Events Related to Placental Disorders\u2014A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7678-3166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yolisa","family":"Dube","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surveying and Geomatics, Midlands State University, P. Bag 9055, Gweru, Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0305-6678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Newton","family":"Nyapwere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surveying and Geomatics, Midlands State University, P. Bag 9055, Gweru, Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1355-610X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Magee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women and Children\u2019s Health, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King\u2019s College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7633-8812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marianne","family":"Vidler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and BC Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Suite 930, 1125 Howe Street, Vancouver, BC V6Z 2K8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women and Children\u2019s Health, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King\u2019s College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, UK"},{"name":"Medical Research Council (MRC) Unit, LSHTM Atlantic Boulevard, Fajara P. O. Box 273, Banjul, The Gambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Barratt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Research Group, MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, Michael Uren Biomedical Engineering Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK"},{"name":"NIHR HPRU in Environmental Exposures and Health, Imperial College London, Michael Uren Biomedical Engineering Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Craik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women and Children\u2019s Health, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King\u2019s College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4136-3070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Dadelszen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women and Children\u2019s Health, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King\u2019s College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prestige","family":"Makanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surveying and Geomatics, Midlands State University, P. Bag 9055, Gweru, Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"The PRECISE Network","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2014.03.004","article-title":"Epidemiology of ischemic placental disease: A focus on preterm gestations","volume":"38","author":"Parker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"WHO (2019, August 21). WHO | Stillbirths. Available online: http:\/\/www.who.int\/maternal_child_adolescent\/epidemiology\/stillbirth\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"WHO | Regional Office for Africa (2019, August 21). Social and Economic Determinants of Health. 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