{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T05:48:47Z","timestamp":1785476927320,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,30]],"date-time":"2020-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["114652"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["114652"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001030","name":"National Heart Foundation of Australia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Future Leader Fellowship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Future Leader Fellowship"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In Australia, disease registers for acute rheumatic fever (ARF) and rheumatic heart disease (RHD) were previously established to facilitate disease surveillance and control, yet little is known about the extent of case-ascertainment. We compared ARF\/RHD case ascertainment based on Australian ARF\/RHD register records with administrative hospital data from the Northern Territory (NT), South Australia (SA), Queensland (QLD) and Western Australia (WA) for cases 3\u201359 years of age. Agreement across data sources was compared for persons with an ARF episode or first-ever RHD diagnosis. ARF\/RHD registers from the different jurisdictions were missing 26% of Indigenous hospitalised ARF\/RHD cases overall (ranging 17\u201340% by jurisdiction) and 10% of non-Indigenous hospitalised ARF\/RHD cases (3\u201328%). The proportion of hospitalised RHD cases (36%) was half the proportion of hospitalised ARF cases (70%) notified to the ARF\/RHD registers. The registers were found to capture few RHD cases in metropolitan areas (SA Metro: 13%, QLD Metro: 35%, WA Metro: 14%). Indigenous status, older age, comorbidities, drug\/alcohol abuse and disease severity were predictors of cases appearing in the hospital data only (p &lt; 0.05); sex was not a determinant. This analysis confirms that there are biases associated with the epidemiological analysis of single sources of case ascertainment for ARF\/RHD using Australian data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17155505","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,30]],"date-time":"2020-07-30T12:15:38Z","timestamp":1596111338000},"page":"5505","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Case Ascertainment on Australian Registers for Acute Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Treasure","family":"Agenson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith M.","family":"Katzenellenbogen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia"},{"name":"Telethon Kids Institute, Perth 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Seth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia"},{"name":"Telethon Kids Institute, Perth 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Dempsey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin 0810, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mellise","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland Health, Brisbane 4000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vicki","family":"Wade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin 0810, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Bond-Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(05)70267-X","article-title":"The global burden of group A streptococcal diseases","volume":"5","author":"Carapetis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2013.34","article-title":"Position statement of the World Heart Federation on the prevention and control of rheumatic heart disease","volume":"10","author":"Remenyi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15084","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.84","article-title":"Acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease","volume":"2","author":"Carapetis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1754.2002.00850.x","article-title":"Rheumatic fever in Aboriginal children","volume":"38","author":"Currie","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Paediatr. Child Health"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.001477","article-title":"Acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease: Incidence and progression in the Northern Territory of Australia, 1997 to 2010","volume":"128","author":"Lawrence","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2010.02670.x","article-title":"Systematic Review: Estimation of global burden of non-suppurative sequelae of upper respiratory tract infection: Rheumatic fever and post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis","volume":"16","author":"Jackson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trop Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61171-9","article-title":"Rheumatic heart disease","volume":"379","author":"Marijon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2005). A Review of the Technical Basis for the Control of Conditions Associated with Group A Streptococcal Infections [Internet], WHO. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/maternal_child_adolescent\/documents\/fch_cah_05_08\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"CD002227","article-title":"Penicillin for secondary prevention of rheumatic fever","volume":"3","author":"Manyemba","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"RHDAustralia, National Heart Foundation of Australia and the Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand (2019, March 10). The Australian Guideline for Prevention, Diagnosis and Management of Acute Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease, [Internet], Available online: https:\/\/www.rhdaustralia.org.au\/sites\/default\/files\/resources\/quick_reference_guides_0.pdf."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2018). Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease: Report by the Director-General [Internet], WHO. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/ncds\/management\/rheumatic-heart-disease-resolution\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"235","article-title":"Rheumatic Heart Disease Control Programs, Registers, and Access to Care","volume":"Volume 12","author":"Wyber","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acute Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Health Policy Analysis (2017). Evaluation of the Commonwealth Rheumatic Fever Strategy: Final Report."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Australian Consortium for Classification Development (2017). International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Revision, Australian Modification."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2019, March 15). Rheumatic Heart Disease and Acute Rheumatic Fever in Australia: 1996\u20132012 [Internet], Available online: https:\/\/www.aihw.gov.au\/reports\/heart-stroke-vascular-disease\/rheumatic-heart-disease-and-acute-rheumatic-fever\/contents\/table-of-contents."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"End Rheumatic Heart Disease Centre of Research Excellence (2019, October 17). The Endgame Strategy, Available online: https:\/\/endrhd.telethonkids.org.au\/our-research\/."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S224621","article-title":"The End Rheumatic Heart Disease in Australia Study of Epidemiology (ERASE) Project: Data sources, case ascertainment and cohort profile","volume":"11","author":"Katzenellenbogen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katzenellenbogen, J.M., Bond-Smith, D., Seth, R., Dempsey, K., Cannon, J., and Stacey, I. (2020). Contemporary incidence and prevalence of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease in Australia using linked data: The case for policy change. J. Am. Heart Assoc., under review.","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.120.016851"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (2020, July 20). Estimates of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, June 2016 [Internet], Available online: https:\/\/www.abs.gov.au\/ausstats\/abs@.nsf\/mf\/3238.0.55.001."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"48","article-title":"Is a rheumatic fever register the best surveillance tool to evaluate rheumatic fever control in the Auckland region?","volume":"13","author":"Moxon","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Z. Med J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-6405.12240","article-title":"Acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease in the Kimberley: Using hospitalisation data to find cases and describe trends","volume":"39","author":"Murdoch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S241588","article-title":"Development and evaluation of a prediction model for ascertaining rheumatic heart disease status in administrative data","volume":"12","author":"Seth","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.14221","article-title":"Low positive predictive value of International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision codes in relation to rheumatic heart disease: A challenge for global surveillance","volume":"49","author":"Katzenellenbogen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Intern. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(87)90171-8","article-title":"A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: Development and validation","volume":"40","author":"Charlson","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Chronic Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2019.00048","article-title":"Comorbidity index as a predictor of mortality in pediatric patients with solid tumors","volume":"7","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-842X.2005.tb00243.x","article-title":"Assessment of a register-based rheumatic heart disease secondary prevention program in an Australian Aboriginal community","volume":"29","author":"Eissa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2004.057570","article-title":"Preventing recurrent rheumatic fever: The role of register based programmes","volume":"91","author":"McDonald","year":"2005","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parks, T., Kado, J., Miller, A.E., Ward, B., Heenan, R., and Colquhoun, S.M. (2015). Rheumatic heart disease-attributable mortality at ages 5-69 years in Fiji: A five-year, national, population-based record-linkage cohort study. PLoS Negl. Trop Dis., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004033"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Lambert, S. (2019, October 17). Overview of Qld RHD Control Program and Statistics [Internet], Available online: https:\/\/www.rhdaustralia.org.au\/resources\/acute-rheumatic-fever-and-rheumatic-heart-disease."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Artuso, S., Cargo, M., Brown, A., and Daniel, M. (2013). Factors influencing health care utilisation among Aboriginal cardiac patients in central Australia: A qualitative study. BMC Health Serv. Res., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-13-83"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Australian Institute of Health Welfare (2019). Acute Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease in Australia."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/15\/5505\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:52:55Z","timestamp":1760176375000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/15\/5505"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,30]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph17155505"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17155505","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,30]]}}}