{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T18:50:27Z","timestamp":1781895027949,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]],"date-time":"2020-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596153600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gender-based violence (GBV) perpetration is a global public health problem due to its detrimental effect on health and education. This study aims to determine the prevalence of gender-based violence perpetration by male students in eastern Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted in eastern Ethiopia in December 2018. A total of 1064 male students were involved in the study. Data were collected using an adaptation of the WHO Multi-Country Study self-administered questionnaire on the Women Health and Life Event. Descriptive statistics were calculated using STATA version 14. The prevalence of gender-based violence committed by a male in the last 12 months was 55.83% (95% CI: 52.84\u201358.82%). The prevalence of emotional abuse against an intimate or non-partner was 45.86% (95% CI: 42.87\u201348.86%), physical abuse was 45.77% (95% CI: 42.77\u201348.77%), and sexual abuse was 31.11% (95% CI: 28.32\u201333.90%). The perpetration of multiple types of gender-based violence (emotional, physical, and sexual) was 47.15% (95% CI: 43.15\u201351.25%), with 17.72% (95% CI: 14.75\u201321.03%) reporting emotionally and physically violent acts, 14.21% (95% CI: 11.51\u201317.27%) reporting emotionally violent acts only, and 12.88% (95% CI: 10.29\u201315.82%) reporting physically violent acts only. There were statistically significant differences between the age of participants who committed acts of all forms of GBV in the \u201cever\u201d timeframe and the past 12 months (p &lt; 0.001). Effective prevention and intervention strategies should be developed at the school level to reduce gender-based violence perpetration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17155536","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,3]],"date-time":"2020-08-03T03:16:46Z","timestamp":1596424606000},"page":"5536","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Gender-Based Violence Perpetration by Male High School Students in Eastern Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9706-7441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Addisu Shunu","family":"Beyene","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Generational Health and Ageing, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia"},{"name":"School of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar 235, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2541-4491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine","family":"Chojenta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Generational Health and Ageing, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah J.","family":"Loxton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Generational Health and Ageing, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(98)00017-8","article-title":"Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults","volume":"14","author":"Felitti","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2224","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61766-8","article-title":"A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990\u20132010: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010","volume":"380","author":"Lim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Norman, R.E., Byambaa, M., De, R., Butchart, A., Scott, J., and Vos, T. (2012). The long-term health consequences of child physical abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001349"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801205280274","article-title":"Resilience among urban adolescent mothers living with violence: Listening to their stories","volume":"11","author":"Kennedy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Violence Women"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260506287314","article-title":"Urban adolescent mothers exposed to community, family, and partner violence: Is cumulative violence exposure a barrier to school performance and participation?","volume":"21","author":"Kennedy","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Interpers. Violence"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"United Nations (2006). Secretary-general\u2019s in-depth study on violence against women. United Nations General Assembly, 61st Session: Advancement of Women, UN."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"United Nations (2006). Secretary-general\u2019s in-depth study on violence against women. United Nations General Assembly, 61st Session: In-Depth Study on All Forms of Violence against Women, UN. Report of the Secretary General."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e208","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(13)70069-X","article-title":"Prevalence of and factors associated with non-partner rape perpetration: Findings from the UN Multi-country Cross-sectional Study on Men and Violence in Asia and the Pacific","volume":"1","author":"Jewkes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e187","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(13)70074-3","article-title":"Prevalence of and factors associated with male perpetration of intimate partner violence: Findings from the UN Multi-country Cross-sectional Study on Men and Violence in Asia and the Pacific","volume":"1","author":"Fulu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"131","article-title":"Ending Domestic violence against women in Ethiopia","volume":"18","author":"Berhane","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ethiop. J. Health Dev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1891\/0886-6708.24.1.122","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of gender-based violence committed by male college students in Awassa, Ethiopia","volume":"24","author":"Philpart","year":"2009","journal-title":"Violence Vict."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11133-0","article-title":"The world report on violence and health","volume":"360","author":"Krug","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Panos Institute (2003). Beyond Victims and Villains: Addressing Sexual Violence in the Education Sector, Panos Institute. Available online: http:\/\/panoslondon.panosnetwork.org\/resources\/beyond-victims-and-villains\/."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1080\/09540253.2015.1134768","article-title":"\u2018Sexual violence is not good for our country\u2019s development\u2019. Students\u2019 interpretations of sexual violence in a secondary school in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia","volume":"28","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gend. Educ."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"330","article-title":"Sexual violence against intimate partners in Cape Town: Prevalence and risk factors reported by men","volume":"82","author":"Abrahams","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"107","article-title":"Prevalence and Patterns of Sexual Violence Perpetration among Male Secondary School Students in Eastern Ethiopia","volume":"4","author":"Bekele","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ethiop. E-J. Res. Innov. Foresight"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-013-0405-7","article-title":"Intimate partner violence among adolescents in Cape Town, South Africa","volume":"15","author":"Russell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prev. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chirwa, E.D., Sikweyiya, Y., Addo-Lartey, A.A., Alangea, D.O., Coker-Appiah, D., Adanu, R.M., and Jewkes, R. (2018). Prevalence and risk factors of physical or sexual intimate violence perpetration amongst men in four districts in the central region of Ghana: Baseline findings from a cluster randomized controlled trial. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0191663"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1891\/vivi.21.2.247","article-title":"Intimate partner violence: Prevalence and risk factors for men in Cape Town, South Africa","volume":"21","author":"Abrahams","year":"2006","journal-title":"Violence Vict."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260505276834","article-title":"The involvement in sexual coercive behaviors of Spanish college men: Prevalence and risk factors","volume":"20","author":"Vergeles","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Interpers. Violence"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6815a3","article-title":"Prevalence of violence victimization and perpetration among persons aged 13\u201324 years\u2014Four Sub-Saharan African countries, 2013\u20132015","volume":"68","author":"Swedo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Central Statistical Agency (CSA) Ethiopia and ICF Macro (2016). Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey, Central Statistical Agency and ICF."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"1","article-title":"Women\u2019s health and life events study in rural Ethiopia","volume":"17","author":"Gossaye","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ethiop. J. Health Dev."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"47","article-title":"Sexual violence against female youth in Jimma town: Prevalence, risk factors and consequences","volume":"17","author":"Dibaba","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ethiop J. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1891\/0886-6708.26.5.608","article-title":"Sexual violence victimization among female secondary school students in Eastern Ethiopia","volume":"26","author":"Bekele","year":"2011","journal-title":"Violence Vict."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1891\/0886-6708.23.6.787","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of gender-based violence among female college students in Awassa, Ethiopia","volume":"23","author":"Arnold","year":"2008","journal-title":"Violence Vict."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mekuria, A., Nigussie, A., and Abera, M. (2015). Childhood sexual abuse experiences and its associated factors among adolescent female high school students in Arbaminch town, Gammo Goffa zone, Southern Ethiopia: A mixed method study. BMC Int. Health Hum. Rights, 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12914-015-0059-6"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.4314\/eamj.v79i2.8911","article-title":"Sexual violence among female high school students in Debark, northwest Ethiopia","volume":"79","author":"Worku","year":"2002","journal-title":"East Afr. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2005). WHO Multi-country Study on Women\u2019s Health and Domestic Violence against Women. Initial Results on Prevalence, Health Outcomes and Women\u2019s Responses, WHO."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1177\/019251396017003001","article-title":"The revised conflict tactics scales (CTS2) development and preliminary psychometric data","volume":"17","author":"Straus","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Fam. Issues"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abeya, S.G., Afework, M.F., and Yalew, A.W. (2011). Intimate partner violence against women in western Ethiopia: Prevalence, patterns, and associated factors. BMC Public Health, 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-913"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Ellsberg, M.C., and Heise, L. (2005). Researching Violence against Women: A Practical Guide for Researchers and Activists, WHO."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1728-4465.2001.00001.x","article-title":"Researching domestic violence against women: Methodological and ethical considerations","volume":"32","author":"Ellsberg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Stud. Fam. Plan."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1080\/0966369X.2010.485832","article-title":"Violence against women in Ethiopia","volume":"17","author":"Kedir","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gend. Place Cult."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijedudev.2018.08.004","article-title":"Discussing culture and gender-based violence in comprehensive sexuality education in Ethiopia","volume":"65","author":"Bos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Educ. Dev."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08357-5","article-title":"Intimate partner violence causes and prevention","volume":"359","author":"Jewkes","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e170","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(13)70085-8","article-title":"Understanding gender-based violence perpetration to create a safer future for women and girls","volume":"1","author":"Decker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(01)00242-8","article-title":"The epidemiology of rape and sexual coercion in South Africa: An overview","volume":"55","author":"Jewkes","year":"2002","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2019). School-Based Violence Prevention: A Practical Handbook, WHO."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2019). RESPECT-Seven Strategies to Prevent Violence against Women: Key Messages, WHO."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2019). INSPIRE handbook: Action for Implementing the Seven Strategies for Ending Violence against Children, WHO."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2019). Preventing Violence against Women: A Framework for Policymakers, WHO."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/15\/5536\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:53:13Z","timestamp":1760176393000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/15\/5536"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph17155536"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17155536","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]]}}}