{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T03:18:00Z","timestamp":1791861480298,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,7]],"date-time":"2020-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596758400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K99ES026198, R00ES026198, R21 ES020156, R01ES029950 and P30ES017885"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K99ES026198, R00ES026198, R21 ES020156, R01ES029950 and P30ES017885"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1520803"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1520803"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000125","name":"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T42 OH008455"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T42 OH008455"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000125","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1TR002240"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR002240"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The objective of the study was to investigate, using academic-community epidemiologic co-analysis, the odds of reported heat-related illness for people with (1) central air conditioning (AC) or window unit AC versus no AC, and (2) fair\/poor vs. good\/excellent reported health. From 2016 to 2017, 101 Detroit residents were surveyed once regarding extreme heat, housing and neighborhood features, and heat-related illness in the prior 5 years. Academic partners selected initial confounders and, after instruction on directed acyclic graphs, community partners proposed alternate directed acyclic graphs with additional confounders. Heat-related illness was regressed on AC type or health and co-selected confounders. The study found that heat-related illness was associated with no-AC (n = 96, odds ratio (OR) = 4.66, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.22, 17.72); living \u22645 years in present home (n = 57, OR = 10.39, 95% CI = 1.13, 95.88); and fair\/poor vs. good\/excellent health (n = 97, OR = 3.15, 95% CI = 1.33, 7.48). Co-analysis suggested multiple built-environment confounders. We conclude that Detroit residents with poorer health and no AC are at greater risk during extreme heat. Academic-community co-analysis using directed acyclic graphs enhances research on community-specific social and health vulnerabilities by identifying key confounders and future research directions for rigorous and impactful research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17165704","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,7]],"date-time":"2020-08-07T09:30:54Z","timestamp":1596792654000},"page":"5704","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Heat-Related Illness Is Associated with Lack of Air Conditioning and Pre-Existing Health Problems in Detroit, Michigan, USA: A Community-Based Participatory Co-Analysis of Survey Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jacqueline E.","family":"Cardoza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0533-745X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carina J.","family":"Gronlund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin","family":"Schott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EcoWorks, Detroit, MI 48219, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6062-0007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Todd","family":"Ziegler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Stone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Institute of Technology School of City and Regional Planning, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie S.","family":"O\u2019Neill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2018, September 16). 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