{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T07:10:13Z","timestamp":1783149013274,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,7]],"date-time":"2020-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596758400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21-ES028826 and supplement R21-ES028826-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21-ES028826 and supplement R21-ES028826-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Sugarcane workers in Central America experience a heavy burden of chronic kidney disease of unknown origin. We conducted a pilot study among worker proxies in Guatemala to characterize exposures to particulate matter, silica, heavy metals, and glyphosate, as well as to examine potential nephrotoxic exposures. Methods: Air, soil, and ash samples were collected and analyzed using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: The average mass concentration for particulate matter (PM)2.5 and PM100 exposures were 360 \u00b5g\/m3 (range: 32 to 1500 \u00b5g\/m3) and 555 \u00b5g\/m3 (range: 229 to 1170 \u00b5g\/m3), respectively. The elemental composition of particles was largely silicon. The amount of crystalline silica was below 5 \u03bcg, yet the percentage of total silica was ~17% by weight. Putatively, the silica was in the amorphous form. Concentrations of aluminum and calcium ranged from 2\u20137 \u03bcg\/m3. Glyphosate was not detectable in analyzed air samples but was detectable at concentrations ranging from 81\u2013165 ppb in soil samples. Conclusion: Sugarcane workers are exposed to high concentrations of particulate matter. Future studies should investigate the potential role of silica, heavy metals, and agrochemicals in the etiology of chronic kidney disease in this population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17165708","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,7]],"date-time":"2020-08-07T09:30:54Z","timestamp":1596792654000},"page":"5708","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["A Pilot Study to Assess Inhalation Exposures among Sugarcane Workers in Guatemala: Implications for Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Origin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Joshua W.","family":"Schaeffer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"},{"name":"Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1271-3465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John L.","family":"Adgate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen J.","family":"Reynolds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"},{"name":"Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1325-6246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaime","family":"Butler-Dawson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"},{"name":"Center for Health, Work and Environment, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7142-380X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lyndsay","family":"Krisher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"},{"name":"Center for Health, Work and Environment, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1537-3355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miranda","family":"Dally","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"},{"name":"Center for Health, Work and Environment, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard J.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5119-398X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine A.","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"},{"name":"Center for Health, Work and Environment, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Jaramillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Health, Work and Environment, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lee S.","family":"Newman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"},{"name":"Center for Health, Work and Environment, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"},{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1813869","article-title":"Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Cause in Agricultural Communities","volume":"380","author":"Johnson","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. 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