{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:11:00Z","timestamp":1790813460658,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,12]],"date-time":"2020-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597190400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["633212"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["633212"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["274767, 214123, 228174, 230827"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["274767, 214123, 228174, 230827"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004257","name":"Helse Vest","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["912011, 911892 and 911631"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["912011, 911892 and 911631"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004257","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We investigated if greenness and air pollution exposure in parents\u2019 childhood affect offspring asthma and hay fever, and if effects were mediated through parental asthma, pregnancy greenness\/pollution exposure, and offspring exposure. We analysed 1106 parents with 1949 offspring (mean age 35 and 6) from the Respiratory Health in Northern Europe, Spain and Australia (RHINESSA) generation study. Mean particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), black carbon (BC), ozone (O3) (\u00b5g\/m3) and greenness (normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)) were calculated for parents 0\u201318 years old and offspring 0\u201310 years old, and were categorised in tertiles. We performed logistic regression and mediation analyses for two-pollutant models (clustered by family and centre, stratified by parental lines, and adjusted for grandparental asthma and education). Maternal medium PM2.5 and PM10 exposure was associated with higher offspring asthma risk (odds ratio (OR) 2.23, 95%CI 1.32\u20133.78, OR 2.27, 95%CI 1.36\u20133.80), and paternal high BC exposure with lower asthma risk (OR 0.31, 95%CI 0.11\u20130.87). Hay fever risk increased for offspring of fathers with medium O3 exposure (OR 4.15, 95%CI 1.28\u201313.50) and mothers with high PM10 exposure (OR 2.66, 95%CI 1.19\u20135.91). The effect of maternal PM10 exposure on offspring asthma was direct, while for hay fever, it was mediated through exposures in pregnancy and offspring\u2019s own exposures. Paternal O3 exposure had a direct effect on offspring hay fever. To conclude, parental exposure to air pollution appears to influence the risk of asthma and allergies in future offspring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17165828","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,12]],"date-time":"2020-08-12T09:14:49Z","timestamp":1597223689000},"page":"5828","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Associations of Preconception Exposure to Air Pollution and Greenness with Offspring Asthma and Hay Fever"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Ingrid Nordeide","family":"Kuiper","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5020 Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"Centre for International Health, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iana","family":"Markevych","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 85764 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, 30-060 Krakow, Poland"},{"name":"Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum M\u00fcnchen-German Research Center for Environmental Health, 80336 Neuherberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Accordini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Randi J.","family":"Bertelsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"Oral Health Centre of Expertise in Western Norway, 5020 Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lennart","family":"Br\u00e5b\u00e4ck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Sustainable Health, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umea University, 901 87 Umea, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesper Heile","family":"Christensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0159-6657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bertil","family":"Forsberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Sustainable Health, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umea University, 901 87 Umea, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Halvorsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9620-1629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joachim","family":"Heinrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 85764 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0972-7735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ole","family":"Hertel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerard","family":"Hoek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathias","family":"Holm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5974-2007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kees","family":"de Hoogh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4051 Basel, Switzerland"},{"name":"University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christer","family":"Janson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, Respiratory, Allergy &amp; Sleep Research, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrei","family":"Malinovschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Physiology, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2778-658X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Marcon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Torben","family":"Sigsgaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Environment, Occupation &amp; Health, Institute of Public Health, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8512-5192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cecilie","family":"Svanes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5020 Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"Centre for International Health, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ane","family":"Johannessen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for International Health, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2020, August 11). Air Quality in Europe\u20142015 Report by the European Environment Agency (EEA). Available online: https:\/\/www.eea.europa.eu\/publications\/air-quality-in-europe-2015."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz135","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease burden from ambient air pollution in Europe reassessed using novel hazard ratio functions","volume":"40","author":"Lelieveld","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2016.11.012","article-title":"Exposure to traffic-related air pollution and risk of development of childhood asthma: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"100","author":"Khreis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00083614","article-title":"A multicentre study of air pollution exposure and childhood asthma prevalence: The ESCAPE project","volume":"45","author":"Molter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2020, August 11). Air Quality Guidelines for Particulate Matter, Ozone, Nitrogen Dioxide and Sulphur Dioxide. Global Update 2005. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/airpollution\/publications\/aqg2005\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"(2020, August 11). Air Quality Standards under the Air Quality Directive from the European Environment Agency (EEA, 2016). Available online: https:\/\/www.eea.europa.eu\/data-and-maps\/figures\/air-quality-standards-under-the."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.06.030","article-title":"The health benefits of the great outdoors: A systematic review and meta-analysis of greenspace exposure and health outcomes","volume":"166","author":"Jones","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.08.002","article-title":"Residential greenness and allergic respiratory diseases in children and adolescents\u2014A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"159","author":"Lambert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2019.02.010","article-title":"Urban trees, air quality, and asthma: An interdisciplinary review","volume":"187","author":"Eisenman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lambert, K.A., Bowatte, G., Tham, R., Lodge, C.J., Prendergast, L.A., Heinrich, J., Abramson, M.J., Dharmage, S.C., and Erbas, B. (2018). Greenspace and Atopic Sensitization in Children and Adolescents\u2014A Systematic Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15112539"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Squillacioti, G., Bellisario, V., Levra, S., Piccioni, P., and Bono, R. (2019). Greenness Availability and Respiratory Health in a Population of Urbanised Children in North-Western Italy. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17010108"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.08.012","article-title":"More than clean air and tranquillity: Residential green is independently associated with decreasing mortality","volume":"108","author":"Vienneau","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2015.10.013","article-title":"Residential green spaces and mortality: A systematic review","volume":"86","author":"Gascon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1510363","article-title":"Exposure to Greenness and Mortality in a Nationwide Prospective Cohort Study of Women","volume":"124","author":"James","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-018-0179-y","article-title":"A Review of Epidemiologic Studies on Greenness and Health: Updated Literature Through 2017","volume":"5","author":"Fong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Environ. Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1308038","article-title":"Risks and benefits of green spaces for children: A cross-sectional study of associations with sedentary behavior, obesity, asthma, and allergy","volume":"122","author":"Dadvand","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2014-203903","article-title":"Greenness and allergies: Evidence of differential associations in two areas in Germany","volume":"68","author":"Fuertes","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12915","article-title":"Residential greenness is differentially associated with childhood allergic rhinitis and aeroallergen sensitization in seven birth cohorts","volume":"71","author":"Fuertes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.06.028","article-title":"Exploring pathways linking greenspace to health: Theoretical and methodological guidance","volume":"158","author":"Markevych","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s40471-015-0043-7","article-title":"A Review of the Health Benefits of Greenness","volume":"2","author":"James","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Epidemiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2003.009746","article-title":"Parental smoking in childhood and adult obstructive lung disease: Results from the European Community Respiratory Health Survey","volume":"59","author":"Svanes","year":"2004","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dratva, J., Zemp, E., Dharmage, S.C., Accordini, S., Burdet, L., Gislason, T., Heinrich, J., Janson, C., Jarvis, D., and de Marco, R. (2016). Early Life Origins of Lung Ageing: Early Life Exposures and Lung Function Decline in Adulthood in Two European Cohorts Aged 28\u201373 Years. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0145127"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2004.01.780","article-title":"Influence of early life exposures on incidence and remission of asthma throughout life","volume":"113","author":"Pattaro","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.07.007","article-title":"Transgenerational and intergenerational epigenetic inheritance in allergic diseases","volume":"142","author":"Rezwan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"235","article-title":"Father\u2019s environment before conception and asthma risk in his children: A multi-generation analysis of the Respiratory Health In Northern Europe study","volume":"46","author":"Svanes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyy031","article-title":"A three-generation study on the association of tobacco smoking with asthma","volume":"47","author":"Accordini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Johannessen, A., Lonnebotn, M., Calciano, L., Benediktsdottir, B., Bertelsen, R.J., Braback, L., Dharmage, S., Franklin, K.A., Gislason, T., and Holm, M. (2019). Being overweight in childhood, puberty, or early adulthood: Changing asthma risk in the next generation?. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuiper, I.N., Svanes, C., Benediktsdottir, B., Bertelsen, R.J., Braback, L., Dharmage, S.C., Holm, M., Janson, C., Jogi, R., and Malinovschi, A. (2018). Agreement in reporting of asthma by parents or offspring\u2014The RHINESSA generation study. BMC Pulm. Med., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-018-0687-4"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2020, August 11). RHINESSA Generation Study Homepage. Available online: www.rhinessa.net."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2020, August 11). Overview of Ethics Committees and Approval Numbers of RHINESSA Centers. Available online: https:\/\/helse-bergen.no\/seksjon\/RHINESSA\/Documents\/Ethic%20Committees%20list.pdf."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13555","DOI":"10.1021\/es403089q","article-title":"Western European land use regression incorporating satellite- and ground-based measurements of NO2 and PM10","volume":"47","author":"Vienneau","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.07.005","article-title":"Development of West-European PM2.5 and NO2 land use regression models incorporating satellite-derived and chemical transport modelling data","volume":"151","author":"Gulliver","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.07.036","article-title":"Spatial PM2.5, NO2, O3 and BC models for Western Europe\u2014Evaluation of spatiotemporal stability","volume":"120","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"(2020, August 11). Procedure for Back-Extrapolation, Manual by the ESCAPE Project. Available online: http:\/\/www.escapeproject.eu\/manuals\/Procedure_for_extrapolation_back_in_time.pdf."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4169","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(97)00264-1","article-title":"The Danish eulerian hemispheric model\u2014A three-dimensional air pollution model used for the arctic","volume":"31","author":"Christensen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(79)90013-0","article-title":"Red and photographic infrared linear combinations for monitoring vegetation","volume":"8","author":"Tucker","year":"1979","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"(2020, August 11). Satellite images, United States Geological Survey, Available online: http:\/\/earthexplorer.usgs.gov."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Weier, J.H., and Herring, D. (2020, August 11). Measuring Vegeation (NDVI & EVI), Available online: https:\/\/earthobservatory.nasa.gov\/features\/MeasuringVegetation."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199901000-00008","article-title":"Causal diagrams for epidemiologic research","volume":"10","author":"Greenland","year":"1999","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"(2020, August 11). DAGitty, a browser based environment to draw and analyze causal diagrams. Available online: www.dagitty.net."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X1001000104","article-title":"Direct and indirect effects in a logit model","volume":"10","author":"Buis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Stata J."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2016.11.001","article-title":"Regression-based statistical mediation and moderation analysis in clinical research: Observations, recommendations, and implementation","volume":"98","author":"Hayes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1880","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.07.017","article-title":"Prenatal fine particulate exposure and early childhood asthma: Effect of maternal stress and fetal sex","volume":"141","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201504-0658OC","article-title":"Prenatal Particulate Air Pollution and Asthma Onset in Urban Children. Identifying Sensitive Windows and Sex Differences","volume":"192","author":"Hsu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, C., Baiz, N., Zhang, T., Banerjee, S., and Annesi-Maesano, I. (2013). Modifiable exposures to air pollutants related to asthma phenotypes in the first year of life in children of the EDEN mother-child cohort study. BMC Public Health, 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-506"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2016.12.002","article-title":"Multigenerational cohorts in patients with asthma and allergy","volume":"139","author":"Arshad","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1038\/ejhg.2014.31","article-title":"Prepubertal start of father\u2019s smoking and increased body fat in his sons: Further characterisation of paternal transgenerational responses","volume":"22","author":"Northstone","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parmes, E., Pesce, G., Sabel, C.E., Baldacci, S., Bono, R., Brescianini, S., D\u2019Ippolito, C., Hanke, W., Horvat, M., and Liedes, H. (2019). Influence of residential land cover on childhood allergic and respiratory symptoms and diseases: Evidence from 9 European cohorts. Environ. Res., 108953.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.108953"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00f8rkve Knudsen, G.T., Rezwan, F.I., Johannessen, A., Skulstad, S.M., Bertelsen, R.J., Real, F.G., Krauss-Etschmann, S., Patil, V., Jarvis, D., and Arshad, S.H. (2019). Epigenome-wide association of father\u2019s smoking with offspring DNA methylation: A hypothesis-generating study. Environ. Epigenet., 5.","DOI":"10.1093\/eep\/dvz023"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khreis, H., and Nieuwenhuijsen, M.J. (2017). Traffic-Related Air Pollution and Childhood Asthma: Recent Advances and Remaining Gaps in the Exposure Assessment Methods. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14030312"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2013.02.037","article-title":"Development of NO2 and NOx land use regression models for estimating air pollution exposure in 36 study areas in Europe\u2014The ESCAPE project","volume":"72","author":"Beelen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2014-204195","article-title":"Placing epidemiological results in the context of multiplicity and typical correlations of exposures","volume":"68","author":"Patel","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pape, K., Svanes, C., Malinovschi, A., Benediktsdottir, B., Lodge, C., Janson, C., Moratalla, J., S\u00e1nchez-Ramos, J.L., Br\u00e5b\u00e4ck, L., and Holm, M. (2019). Agreement of offspring-reported parental smoking status: The RHINESSA generation study. BMC Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-6414-0"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lonnebotn, M., Svanes, C., Igland, J., Franklin, K.A., Accordini, S., Benediktsdottir, B., Bentouhami, H., Blanco, J.A.G., Bono, R., and Corsico, A. (2018). Body silhouettes as a tool to reflect obesity in the past. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0195697"},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"(2020, August 11). Overview Funding RHINESSA. Available online: https:\/\/helse-bergen.no\/seksjon\/RHINESSA\/Documents\/Funding%20RHINESSA.pdf."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/16\/5828\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:59:29Z","timestamp":1760176769000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/16\/5828"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,12]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph17165828"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17165828","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,12]]}}}