{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T18:25:36Z","timestamp":1788027936095,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,12]],"date-time":"2020-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597190400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In response to the emergent public health event of COVID-19, the efficiency of transport of medical waste from hospitals to disposal stations is a worthwhile issue to study. In this paper, based on the actual situation of COVID-19 and environmental impact assessment guidelines, an immune algorithm is used to establish a location model of urban medical waste storage sites. In view of the selection of temporary storage stations and realistic transportation demand, an efficiency-of-transport model of medical waste between hospitals and temporary storage stations is established by using an ant colony\u2013tabu hybrid algorithm. In order to specify such status, Wuhan city in Hubei Province, China\u2014considered the first city to suffer from COVID-19\u2014was chosen as an example of verification; the two-level model and the immune algorithm\u2013ant colony optimization\u2013tabu search (IA\u2013ACO\u2013TS) algorithm were used for simulation and testing, which achieved good verification. To a certain extent, the model and the algorithm are proposed to solve the problem of medical waste disposal, based on transit temporary storage stations, which we are convinced will have far-reaching significance for China and other countries to dispatch medical waste in response to such public health emergencies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17165831","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,12]],"date-time":"2020-08-12T09:14:49Z","timestamp":1597223689000},"page":"5831","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Path Optimization of Medical Waste Transport Routes in the Emergent Public Health Event of COVID-19: A Hybrid Optimization Algorithm Based on the Immune\u2013Ant Colony Algorithm"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Ziyuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2660-5492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weiming","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunpu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanxun","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenzhen","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2017.08.037","article-title":"An optimization model for collection, haul, transfer, treatment and disposal of infectious medical waste: Application to a Greek region","volume":"69","author":"Mantzaras","year":"2017","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMR.878.532","article-title":"Analysis on Medical Waste Management and Disposal in Kunming City","volume":"878","author":"Qiu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"948","article-title":"Current situation and countermeasures of medical waste management in primary medical institutions of Wuhan","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. J. Infect. Control"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2005.03.011","article-title":"Medical waste management in Jordan: A study at the King Hussein Medical Center","volume":"25","author":"Oweis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.4103\/0255-0857.158559","article-title":"Safe transportation of biomedical waste in a health care institution","volume":"33","author":"Gur","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, T., Li, Q., Fu, P., Yang, J., Xu, C., Cong, G., and Li, G. (2020). Public Opinion Polarization by Individual Revenue from the Social Preference Theory. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17030946"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ni, X., Zhou, H., and Chen, W. (2020). Addition of an Emotionally Stable Node in the SOSa-SPSa Model for Group Emotional Contagion of Panic in Public Health Emergency: Implications for Epidemic Emergency Responses. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17145044"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, T., Wang, Y., Yang, J., and Cong, G. (2020). Modeling Public Opinion Reversal Process with the Considerations of External Intervention Information and Individual Internal Characteristics. Healthcare, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare8020160"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, T., Li, Q., Fu, P., Yang, J., Xu, C., Cong, G., and Li, G. (2019). Modeling of the Public Opinion Polarization Process with the Considerations of Individual Heterogeneity and Dynamic Conformity. Mathematics, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/math7100917"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, W., Jiang, Z., Guo, H., and Ni, X. (2020). Fall Detection Based on Key Points of Human-Skeleton Using OpenPose. Symmetry, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/sym12050744"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, T., Peng, L., Yin, X., Rong, J., Yang, J., and Cong, G. (2020). Analysis of User Satisfaction with Online Education Platforms in China during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Healthcare, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare8030200"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, W., Chen, S., Guo, H., and Ni, X. (2020). Welding flame detection based on color recognition and progressive probabilistic Hough transform. Concurr. Comput. Pract. Exp.","DOI":"10.1002\/cpe.5815"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, T., Wu, S., Yang, J., and Cong, G. (2019). Risk Propagation Model and Its Simulation of Emergency Logistics Network Based on Material Reliability. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16234677"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"7501891","article-title":"Modeling of Emergency Supply Scheduling Problem Based on Reliability and Its Solution Algorithm under Variable Road Network after Sudden-Onset Disasters","volume":"2020","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Complexity"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"75","article-title":"Inventory Model in a CVRP Distribution Network with Uniformly Distributed Demand","volume":"11","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Comb. Optim. Probl. Inform."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zulvia, F.E., Kuo, R., and Hu, T.-L. (2012, January 10\u201315). Solving CVRP with time window, fuzzy travel time and demand via a hybrid ant colony optimization and genetic algortihm. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC), Brisbane, QLD, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/CEC.2012.6252922"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"2941","article-title":"A multi-start ILS\u2013RVND algorithm with adaptive solution acceptance for the CVRP","volume":"24","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2017.01.022","article-title":"Backtracking search algorithm in CVRP models for efficient solid waste collection and route optimization","volume":"61","author":"Akhtar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"105","article-title":"A DSS based on GIS and Tabu search for solving the CVRP: The Tunisian case","volume":"17","author":"Sami","year":"2014","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Remote Sens. Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qi, C., Cui, S., and Sun, Y. (2008, January 13\u201317). A Two-Stage Hybrid Ant Colony Algorithm for the CVRP. Proceedings of the 2008 International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Security, Suzhou, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CIS.2008.209"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gomez, A., and Salhi, S. (2014, January 9\u201312). Solving capacitated vehicle routing problem by artificial bee colony algorithm. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Symposium on Computational Intelligence in Production and Logistics Systems (CIPLS), Orlando, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CIPLS.2014.7007160"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ammi, M., and Chikhi, S. (2014, January 11\u201314). An island model based genetic algorithm for solving the capacitated vehicle routing problem. Proceedings of the 2014 6th International Conference of Soft Computing and Pattern Recognition (SoCPaR), Tunis, Tunisia.","DOI":"10.1109\/SOCPAR.2014.7008030"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gadegaard, S., and Lysgaard, J. (2020). A symmetry-free polynomial formulation of the capacitated vehicle routing problem. Discret. Appl. Math.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dam.2020.02.012"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2011.08.013","article-title":"Development of a fuel consumption optimization model for the capacitated vehicle routing problem","volume":"39","author":"Xiao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3743710","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3743710","article-title":"Reoptimization Heuristic for the Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem","volume":"2018","author":"Linfati","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Adv. Transp."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Jiashan, Z. (2017, January 23\u201325). An Efficient Density-Based Clustering Algorithm for the Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem. Proceedings of the International Journal of Advanced Network, Monitoring and Controls, Xi\u2019an, China."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apm.2017.02.042","article-title":"A new efficient approach for solving the capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem using the Gravitational Emulation Local Search Algorithm","volume":"49","author":"Hosseinabadi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Math. Model."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2019.105728","article-title":"An improved hybrid firefly algorithm for capacitated vehicle routing problem","volume":"84","author":"Altabeeb","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1080\/10556788.2015.1025134","article-title":"Analytic centre stabilization of column generation algorithm for the capacitated vehicle routing problem","volume":"30","author":"Karimi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Optim. Methods Softw."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmed, A.K.M.F., and Sun, J.U. (2018). Bilayer Local Search Enhanced Particle Swarm Optimization for the Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem. Algorithms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/a11030031"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1287\/trsc.2015.0660","article-title":"An Adaptive Iterated Local Search for the Mixed Capacitated General Routing Problem","volume":"50","author":"Hasle","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transp. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.1040.0111","article-title":"An Exact Algorithm for the Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem Based on a Two-Commodity Network Flow Formulation","volume":"52","author":"Baldacci","year":"2004","journal-title":"Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1287\/trsc.2013.0500","article-title":"A Branch-and-Cut-and-Price Algorithm for the Two-Echelon Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem","volume":"49","author":"Santos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transp. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1109\/TASE.2013.2295092","article-title":"Beam Search Combined With MAX-MIN Ant Systems and Benchmarking Data Tests for Weighted Vehicle Routing Problem","volume":"11","author":"Tang","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Autom. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"42","article-title":"UCT in Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem with traffic jams","volume":"406","year":"2017","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s10589-014-9713-5","article-title":"A multistart iterated local search for the multitrip cumulative capacitated vehicle routing problem","volume":"61","author":"Rivera","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Optim. Appl."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2016.10.006","article-title":"Symbiotic organisms search and two solution representations for solving the capacitated vehicle routing problem","volume":"52","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2015.11.036","article-title":"Enhanced intelligent water drops and cuckoo search algorithms for solving the capacitated vehicle routing problem","volume":"334\u2013335","author":"Teymourian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCB.2002.804370","article-title":"Evolutionary algorithm based offline\/online path planner for uav navigation","volume":"33","author":"Nikolos","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Part B (Cybern.)"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"52","article-title":"Artificial Immune Systems: Theory and Applications","volume":"13","author":"Ding","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Mo, H. (2009). Artificial Immune System, Science Press."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mihai, F.C. (2020). Assessment of COVID-19 Waste Flows During the Emergency State in Romania and Related Public Health and Environmental Concerns. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17155439"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gill, B.S., Jayaraj, V.J., Singh, S., Mohd, G.S., Cheong, Y.L., Iderus, M.N.H., Sundram, B.M., Aris, T.B., Ibrahim, M.H., and Hong, B.H. (2020). Modelling the Effectiveness of Epidemic Control Measures in Preventing the Transmission of COVID-19 in Malaysia. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17155509"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/16\/5831\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:59:31Z","timestamp":1760176771000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/16\/5831"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,12]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph17165831"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17165831","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,12]]}}}