{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T06:01:35Z","timestamp":1778047295800,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,17]],"date-time":"2020-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597622400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EFOP-3.6.1-16-2016-00010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EFOP-3.6.1-16-2016-00010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017-1.3.1-VKE-2017-00025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017-1.3.1-VKE-2017-00025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ITMS code: NFP313010T504"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ITMS code: NFP313010T504"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Road transportation poses one of the significant public health risks. Several contributors and factors strongly link public health and road safety. The design and advancement of higher-quality roads can significantly contribute to safer roads and save lives. In this article, the safety aspect of the roads\u2019 horizontal curves under the standard of the American Association of State Highway Transportation Officials (AASHTO) is evaluated. Several factors, including vehicle weight, vehicle dimensions, longitudinal grades, and vehicle speed in the geometric design of the horizontal curves, are investigated through a multi-body dynamic simulation process. According to the AASHTO, a combination of simple circular and clothoid transition curves with various longitudinal upgrades and downgrades was designed. Three vehicles were used in this simulation, including a sedan, a bus, and a 3-axle truck. The analysis was based on the lateral friction between the tire and the pavement and also the safety margin parameter. The results showed that designers must differentiate between light and heavy vehicles, especially in curves with a high radius. Evaluation of longitudinal grade impacts indicated that the safety margin decreases when the vehicle is entering the curve. Safety margin reduction on the clothoid curve takes place with a lower grade toward the simple circular curve. By increasing the speed, the difference between lateral friction demand obtained from simulation and lateral friction demand proposed by AASHTO grows. The proposed novel methodology can be used for evaluating road safety.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17165975","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,17]],"date-time":"2020-08-17T21:58:53Z","timestamp":1597701533000},"page":"5975","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Evaluation of Safety in Horizontal Curves of Roads Using a Multi-Body Dynamic Simulation Process"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5079-1045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amir Saman","family":"Abdollahzadeh Nasiri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, South Tehran Branch, Azad University, Tehran 1584715414, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5348-4606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omid","family":"Rahmani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil Engineering, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood 3619995161, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3175-2566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Abdi Kordani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin 3414896818, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7521-8344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nader","family":"Karballaeezadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil Engineering, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood 3619995161, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4842-0613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amir","family":"Mosavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil Engineering, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam"},{"name":"Department of Informatics, J. Selye University, 94501 Komarno, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s12205-013-0453-3","article-title":"The effect of combined horizontal curve and longitudinal grade on side friction factors","volume":"19","year":"2015","journal-title":"KSCE J. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1080\/15389581003754593","article-title":"Road safety research in China: Review and appraisal","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Traffic Inj. Prev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.3141\/2349-14","article-title":"Safety data analysis to evaluate highway alignment consistency","volume":"2349","author":"Busiello","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transp. Res. 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