{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T18:09:43Z","timestamp":1774980583150,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,21]],"date-time":"2020-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597968000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018YFC1800800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFC1800800"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Yue Qi Young Scholar Project, China University of Mining &amp; Technology, Beijing","award":["2019QN09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QN09"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020SKHH01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020SKHH01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A novel composite of montmorillonite-supported carboxymethyl cellulose-stabilized nanoscale iron sulfide (CMC@MMT-FeS), prepared using the co-precipitation method, was applied to remediate hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI))-contaminated soil. Cr(VI)-removal capacity increased with increasing FeS-particle loading. We tested the efficacy of CMC@MMT-FeS at three concentrations of FeS: 0.2, 0.5, and 1 mmol\/g, hereafter referred to as 0.2 CMC@MMT-FeS, 0.5 CMC@MMT-FeS, and 1.0 CMC@MMT-FeS, respectively. The soil Cr(VI) concentration decreased by 90.7% (from an initial concentration of 424.6 to 39.4 mg\/kg) after 30 days, following addition of 5% (composite\u2013soil mass proportion) 1.0 CMC@MMT-FeS. When 2% 0.5 CMC@MMT-FeS was added to Cr(VI)-contaminated soil, the Cr(VI) removal efficiency, as measured in the leaching solution using the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure, was 90.3%, meeting the environmental protection standard for hazardous waste (5 mg\/kg). The European Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) test confirmed that the main Cr fractions in the soil samples changed from acid-exchangeable fractions to oxidable fractions and residual fractions after 30 days of soil remediation by the composite. Moreover, the main complex formed during remediation was Fe(III)\u2013Cr(III), based on BCR and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses. Biotoxicity of the remediated soils, using Vicia faba and Eisenia foetida, was analyzed and evaluated. Our results indicate that CMC@MMT-FeS effectively immobilizes Cr(VI), with widespread potential application in Cr(VI)-contaminated soil remediation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17176087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,21]],"date-time":"2020-08-21T09:21:51Z","timestamp":1598001711000},"page":"6087","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Immobilization of Cr(VI) in Soil Using a Montmorillonite-Supported Carboxymethyl Cellulose-Stabilized Iron Sulfide Composite: Effectiveness and Biotoxicity Assessment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Dading","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanqiu","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaofei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhenhai","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lina","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chaojun","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuwen","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dexun","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aasci.2017.04.001","article-title":"Research on heavy metal pollution of river Ganga: A review","volume":"15","author":"Paul","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. 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