{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T22:39:40Z","timestamp":1787783980173,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,25]],"date-time":"2020-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598313600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The pyrethroid toxicants, fatal at high doses, are found as remnants of crop pesticides and ingredients of commercially available insecticides. The toxic effects of high-content insecticidal pyrethroid formulations are available in 0.05 g, 1.17 g, and 0.04 g pyrethroid-instilled products, namely burning coils, pyrethroid-soaked mats, and liquid formulations of pyrethroids that release pyrethroid vapor\/smoke upon heating. They provided 5.46 g\/kg, 21.15 g\/kg, and 4.24 g\/kg of toxicants to the experimental animals over a total of 3 weeks\/5 h per os (p.o.) administration, producing necrosis, hyperemia, and fatty changes in the liver; fiber separation in cardiac muscles; atrophy, lymphatic infiltration, blood vessel congestion, and hyperemia in the heart tissues of the experimental animals. The glomerular tuft necrosis, cytoplasmic degeneration of renal tubular cells, necrotic tubules, congestion, and dilatation of blood vessels were observed in the kidney tissue of intoxicated animals. Air-space enlargement, interstitial inflammation, lymphocyte infiltration aggregates, connective tissue infiltration by inflammatory cells, and hyperemia were found in the lung tissues. The pyrethroid toxicants also produced nervous tissue degeneration and decreased neurons in the brain, which were observed through histopathological examinations of the brain, lungs, heart, kidneys, and liver. The protective effects of ascorbic acid (AA\/vitamin C) and \u03b1-tocopherol (E307\/vitamin E) at 100 mg\/kg oral doses administered daily for the entire period of the toxicant exposure of three weeks to the experimental mice, aged between 3\u20134 months and weighing \u224830 g, ameliorated the tissue damage, as observed through the histopathological examinations. The ascorbic acid caused recovery of the liver, kidney, brain, and heart tissue damage, while \u03b1-tocopherol was effective at ameliorating the damage in the kidneys and lung tissue compared with the control groups. The high levels of tissue damage recovery suggested a prophylactic effect of the concurrent use of ascorbic acid and \u03b1-tocopherol for the subjects under the exposure of pyrethroids.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17176177","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,26]],"date-time":"2020-08-26T09:05:37Z","timestamp":1598432737000},"page":"6177","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Pyrethroid-Induced Organ Toxicity and Anti-Oxidant-Supplemented Amelioration of Toxicity and Organ Damage: The Protective Roles of Ascorbic Acid and \u03b1-Tocopherol"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8134-9623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohsen S.","family":"Al-Omar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mamuna","family":"Naz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9250-100X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salman A. A.","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Momina","family":"Mansha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad 15320, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8580-3002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohd N.","family":"Ansari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6925-7697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Najeeb U.","family":"Rehman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3585-0828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehnaz","family":"Kamal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2896-6790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamdoon A.","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al Azhar University, Cairo 11371, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1417-7774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Yusuf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif 21974, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2410-7916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abubaker M.","family":"Hamad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences, Preparatory Year Program, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naseem","family":"Akhtar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Dentistry and Pharmacy, Buraydah Private Colleges, Buraydah, Qassim 51488, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0185-0149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riaz A.","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2019.06.002","article-title":"Early impairment of epigenetic pattern in neurodegeneration: Additional mechanisms behind pyrethroid toxicity","volume":"124","author":"Bordoni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"757","article-title":"Synthetic pyrethroid pesticide toxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans to analyze physiological changes","volume":"5","author":"Gautam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Res. Anal. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.3923\/jms.2007.94.99","article-title":"Toxicological Effects of Inhaled Mosquito Coil Smoke on the Rat Spleen: A Haematological and Histological Study","volume":"7","author":"Garba","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"125","article-title":"A Review of Pyrethroid and Mitin Analysis in Environmental Matrices by Sample Extraction & Preparation, ELISAs with a Unique Focus on GC\/NICI-MS","volume":"3","author":"Baugh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Trends Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2017.10.115","article-title":"Pyrethroid pesticide residues in the global environment: An overview","volume":"191","author":"Tang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-7462-3_11","article-title":"Biodegradation of Synthetic Pyrethroid Insecticides","volume":"Volume 10","author":"Arora","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbial Metabolism of Xenobiotic Compounds"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"153","article-title":"Mosquito burden and impact on the poor: Measures and costs for personal protection in some communities in Thailand","volume":"17","author":"Mulla","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Ahmed, M.A.I. (2011). Biochemical and Molecular Biological Studies on the Action of Formamidines in Synergizing Insecticidal Action of Pyrethroids and Neonicotinoids in Aedes Aegypti Mosquitoes, University of California."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"19","article-title":"Impact of Hemidesmus indicus on mosquito coil exposed rat","volume":"3","author":"Thirumurugan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Med. Plants"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"(2020, August 20). ATSDR\u2014Public Health Statement: Pyrethrins and Pyrethroids, Available online: https:\/\/www.atsdr.cdc.gov\/phs\/pyrethrinsandpyrethroids."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention -The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (CDC-NIOSH) (2020, August 20). Pyrethrum, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/niosh\/npg\/npgd0685.html."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Wakeling, E.N., Neal, A.P., and Atchison, W.D. (2012). Pyrethroids and their effects on ion channels. Pesticides\u2014Advances in Chemical and Botanical Pesticides, InTech."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"(2020, August 20). United States Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA), Available online: https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/ingredients-used-pesticide-products\/pyrethrins-and-pyrethroids."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"United States Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2020, August 20). Toxicological Profile for Pyrethrins and Pyrethroids, Available online: https:\/\/www.atsdr.cdc.gov\/toxprofiles\/tp155.pdf."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vallero, D.A. (2015). Environmental Biotechnology: A Biosystems Approach, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-407776-8.00001-3"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1897\/05-448R.1","article-title":"Effect of suspended solids on bioavailability of pyrethroid insecticides","volume":"25","author":"Yang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.18.19","article-title":"Exposure to mosquito coil smoke may be a risk factor for lung cancer in Taiwan","volume":"18","author":"Huei","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.5455\/jabet.2020.d116","article-title":"Evidence of health complications caused by mosquito coil smoke inhalation in a mouse model","volume":"3","author":"Karim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Adv. Biotech. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1093\/jisesa\/iev045","article-title":"The insecticide susceptibility status of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in farm and nonfarm sites of Lagos State, Nigeria","volume":"15","author":"Ayorinde","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Insect Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.3923\/rjet.2014.46.52","article-title":"Some toxicological effects of a commonly used mosquito repellent in Lagos State, Nigeria","volume":"8","author":"Ayorinde","year":"2014","journal-title":"Res. J. Environ. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.33003\/fjs-2020-0402-218","article-title":"Toxicological Effect of Inhaled Mosquito Incense Sticks Smoke on the Histology and Biochemical Responses in Experimental Rats","volume":"4","author":"Abdullahi","year":"2020","journal-title":"FUDMA J. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2018.12.002","article-title":"Comparative study of subchronic toxicities of mosquito repellents (coils, mats and liquids) on vital organs in Swiss albino mice","volume":"27","author":"Naz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Saudi Pharm. J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.3923\/pjbs.2013.160.167","article-title":"Oxidative stress and micronutrient therapy in malaria: An in vivo study in Plasmodium berghei infected mice","volume":"16","author":"Iribhogbe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pak. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.6286","article-title":"Mosquito coil emissions and health implications","volume":"111","author":"Liu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"843","article-title":"Histological changes in the lung and liver tissues in mice exposed to pyrethroid inhalation","volume":"11","author":"Sheikh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Walailak J. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985813485099","article-title":"Principles for valid histopathologic scoring in research","volume":"50","author":"Olivier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klopfleisch, R. (2013). Multiparametric and semi-quantitative scoring systems for the evaluation of mouse model histopathology\u2014A systematic review. BMC Vet. Res., 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-9-123"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"1463","article-title":"Toxicological Effects of Prolonged and Intense Use of Mosquito Coil Emission in Rats and its Implications on Malaria Control","volume":"61","author":"Aimufua","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Biol. Trop."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taiwo, V.O., Nwagbara, N.D., Suleiman, R., Angbashim, J.E., and Zarma, M.J. (2010). Clinical signs and organ pathology in rats exposed to graded doses of pyrethroids- containing mosquito coil smoke and aerosolized insecticidal sprays. Afr. J. Biomed. Res., 11.","DOI":"10.4314\/ajbr.v11i1.50673"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"672","article-title":"Mosquito Coil Smoke Inhalation Effects on Interstitium of Kidney of Albino Rats","volume":"9","author":"Siddique","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pak J. Med. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-6580.72679","article-title":"Toxic impacts of cypermethrin on behavior and histology of certain tissues of albino rats","volume":"17","author":"Grewal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicol. Int."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1515\/bchm2.1924.135.5-6.203","article-title":"Mikroskopisch-chemischer Nachweis einer Nucleins\u00e4ure vom Typus der Thymonucleins\u00e4ure und die- darauf beruhende elektive F\u00e4rbung von Zellkernen in mikroskopischen Pr\u00e4paraten","volume":"135","author":"Feulgren","year":"1924","journal-title":"Hoppe-Seyler\u2019s Z. Physiol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2000.tb01842.x","article-title":"Does vitamin C intake protect against lead toxicity?","volume":"58","author":"Houston","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"59","article-title":"Ascorbic acid in the prevention and treatment of toxic effects from chromates","volume":"50","author":"Samitz","year":"1970","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"101","article-title":"Estriol: Safety and efficacy","volume":"3","author":"Head","year":"1998","journal-title":"Altern. Med. Rev. J. Clin. Ther."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1007\/s12291-013-0375-3","article-title":"Vitamin C in disease prevention and cure: An overview","volume":"28","author":"Chambial","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J. Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7613.84952","article-title":"Cardioprotective effect of ascorbic acid on doxorubicin-induced myocardial toxicity in rats","volume":"43","author":"Viswanathaswamy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1097\/IGC.0b013e318223659d","article-title":"Local \u03b1-Tocopherol for Acute and Short-Term Vaginal Toxicity Prevention in Patients Treated with Radiotherapy for Gynecologic Tumors","volume":"21","author":"Galuppi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynecol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1007\/s12032-007-0006-z","article-title":"Pentoxifylline and \u03b1-tocopherol in prevention of radiation-induced lung toxicity in patients with lung cancer","volume":"24","author":"Misirlioglu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(87)90434-6","article-title":"Vitamin E protection against chemical-induced cell injury","volume":"256","author":"Pascoe","year":"1987","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2003). Annual Review of Cosmetic Ingredient Safety Assessments\u20142001\/2002. Int. J. Toxicol., 22, 1\u20133.","DOI":"10.1080\/10915810305082"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galal, M.K., Khalaf, A.A.A., Ogaly, H.A., and Ibrahim, M.A. (2014). Vitamin E attenuates neurotoxicity induced by deltamethrin in rats. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-14-458"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2006.08.008","article-title":"Deltamethrin-induced oxidative damage and biochemical alterations in rat and its attenuation by Vitamin E","volume":"227","author":"Yousef","year":"2006","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.3390\/nu6041554","article-title":"Orally Administrated Ascorbic Acid Suppresses Neuronal Damage and Modifies Expression of SVCT2 and GLUT1 in the Brain of Diabetic Rats with Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion","volume":"6","author":"Iwata","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, S.I., Begum, M., Chowdhury, R., Rahman, M.M., and Asaduzzaman, M. (2020). Synergistic Hepatoprotective Interaction between \u03b1-Tocopherol and Ascorbic Acid on Paracetamol Induced Liver Damage in Rats. Preprints, 2020060122.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202006.0122.v1"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"124","article-title":"Histologic Examination of the Protective Effect of Vitamin E and C in Cisplatin-Induced Hepatotoxicity","volume":"22","author":"Califima","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trakya Universitesi Tip Fakultesi Dergisi."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.4236\/pp.2013.41012","article-title":"Hepatoprotective Effect of Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)","volume":"4","author":"Adikwu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1994.74.1.139","article-title":"Cellular defenses against damage from reactive oxygen species","volume":"74","author":"Yu","year":"1994","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.2174\/157015909787602823","article-title":"Oxidative stress and neurodegenerative diseases: A review of upstream and downstream antioxidant therapeutic options","volume":"7","author":"Uttara","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"2003","article-title":"Oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage and neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"8","author":"Guo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-7847.70902","article-title":"Free radicals, antioxidants and functional foods: Impact on human health","volume":"4","author":"Lobo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmacogn. Rev."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2009.197","article-title":"Measurement of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase in cultured cells and tissue","volume":"5","author":"Weydert","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Halliwell, B., and Gutteridge, J.M.C. (2015). Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198717478.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.1997.sp004024","article-title":"Oxidative stress: Oxidants and antioxidants","volume":"82","author":"Sies","year":"1997","journal-title":"Exp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00029.2006","article-title":"Nitric oxide and peroxynitrite in health and disease","volume":"87","author":"Pacher","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-010-0277-y","article-title":"Oxidative damage to RNA: Mechanisms, consequences, and diseases","volume":"67","author":"Kong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4356","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-013-1748-0","article-title":"Environmental factors and unhealthy lifestyle influence oxidative stress in humans\u2014An overview","volume":"20","author":"Aseervatham","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-3623(96)00281-9","article-title":"Superoxide anions, free-radical scavengers, and nitrergic neurotransmission","volume":"28","author":"Gibson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gen. Pharmacol. Vasc. Syst."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-8559-2_33","article-title":"Xanthine Oxidase Activity in Human Intestines. Histochemical and Radiochemical Study","volume":"122B","author":"Auscher","year":"1979","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI114019","article-title":"Role of reactive oxygen species in reperfusion injury of the rabbit lung","volume":"83","author":"Kennedy","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2015.08.020","article-title":"Reperfusion injury and reactive oxygen species: The evolution of a concept","volume":"6","author":"Granger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00018.2001","article-title":"Free Radicals in the Physiological Control of Cell Function","volume":"82","year":"2002","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.10119","article-title":"Cellular response to oxidative stress: Signaling for suicide and survival","volume":"192","author":"Martindale","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-4580(00)00160-3","article-title":"The cerebral proteopathies","volume":"21","author":"Walker","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(04)00046-7","article-title":"Cell Death","volume":"116","author":"Danial","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05292","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"443","author":"Lin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/0891-5849(95)00037-X","article-title":"Mitochondrial superoxide and hydrogen peroxide generation, protein oxidative damage, and longevity in different species of flies","volume":"19","author":"Sohal","year":"1995","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2013.02.003","article-title":"Repetitive Hyperbaric Oxygen Treatment Attenuates Complete Freund\u2019s Adjuvant-Induced Pain and Reduces Glia-Mediated Neuroinflammation in the Spinal Cord","volume":"14","author":"Hui","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.2174\/1874192401206010088","article-title":"Water Soluble Vitamin E Administration in Wistar Rats with Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"6","author":"Tzanetakou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Open Cardiovasc. Med. J."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/17\/6177\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:06:36Z","timestamp":1760177196000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/17\/6177"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,25]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph17176177"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17176177","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,25]]}}}