{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T07:27:11Z","timestamp":1767338831270,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,28]],"date-time":"2020-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002848","name":"Comisi\u00f3n Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y Tecnol\u00f3gica","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Anillos Initiative, project number ANID-PIA-SOC180001","Fondecyt Regular project number 1180005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Anillos Initiative, project number ANID-PIA-SOC180001","Fondecyt Regular project number 1180005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002848","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This article contributes to the study of inequality in the biological welfare of Chile\u2019s adult population during the nitrate era, ca. 1880s\u20131930s, and in particular focuses on the impact of socioeconomic variables on height, making use of a sample of over 20,000 male inmates of the capital\u2019s main jail. It shows that inmates with a university degree were taller than the rest; that those born legitimate were taller in adulthood; that those (Chilean born) whose surnames were Northern European were also taller than the rest, and in particular than those with Mapuche background; and that those able to read and write were also taller than illiterate inmates. Conditional regression analysis, examining both correlates at the mean and correlates across the height distribution, supports these findings. We show that there was more height inequality in the population according to socioeconomic status and human capital than previously thought, while also confirming the importance of socioeconomic influences during childhood on physical growth.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17176261","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,28]],"date-time":"2020-08-28T09:17:08Z","timestamp":1598606228000},"page":"6261","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Height of Male Prisoners in Santiago de Chile during the Nitrate Era: The Penalty of being Unskilled, Illiterate, Illegitimate and Mapuche"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3937-6035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Llorca-Ja\u00f1a","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Administraci\u00f3n P\u00fablica, Facultad de Ciencias Econ\u00f3micas y Administrativas, Universidad de Valparaiso, Valparaiso 2340000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Rivas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Proyecto Anillos, Facultad de Ciencias Econ\u00f3micas y Administrativas, Universidad de Valparaiso, Valparaiso 2340000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Damian","family":"Clarke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Econom\u00eda, Facultad de Econom\u00eda y Negocios, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diego Barr\u00eda","family":"Traverso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Administraci\u00f3n P\u00fablica, Facultad de Ciencias Econ\u00f3micas y Administrativas, Universidad de Valparaiso, Valparaiso 2340000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2013.12.008","article-title":"Trends in physical stature across socioeconomic groups of Chilean boys, 1880\u20131997","volume":"16","year":"2015","journal-title":"Econ. 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