{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T23:17:17Z","timestamp":1776813437591,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,29]],"date-time":"2020-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598659200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The objective of this study is to assess the effect of alcohol consumption, anxiety, and food restriction before and after consuming alcohol and body image on the risk of anorexia and bulimia in college students from Tijuana, Baja California, through predictive statistical models. A quantitative, descriptive, and cross-sectional design and a non-probabilistic sample of 526 college students from Tijuana, Baja California, M\u00e9xico were used. Application of the scales (with acceptable psychometric properties) was conducted in classrooms. Through path analyses, four models were found with adequate indicators of goodness of fit: (1) risk of anorexia in women [Chi Square (X2) = 5.34, p = 0.376, Adjusted Determination Coefficient (R2)= 0.250]; (2) anorexia risk for men (X2 = 13.067, p = 0.192, R2 = 0.058); (3) risk of bulimia in women (X2 = 3.358, p = 0.645, R2 = 0.202); and bulimia risk for men (X2 = 14.256, p = 0.075, R2 = 0.284). The findings provide empirical evidence for the food and alcohol disturbance model.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17176293","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,30]],"date-time":"2020-08-30T06:06:22Z","timestamp":1598767582000},"page":"6293","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Assessment of Alcohol Consumption and Anxiety as Predictors of Risk of Anorexia and Bulimia in Non-Clinicals Samples"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9873-1589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gisela","family":"Pineda-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Autonomous University of Baja California, Cal. University 14418, Tijuana International Industrial Park, Tijuana 22390, B.C., Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Estefan\u00eda","family":"Ochoa-Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Autonomous University of Baja California, Cal. University 14418, Tijuana International Industrial Park, Tijuana 22390, B.C., Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1572-4012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gilda","family":"G\u00f3mez-Peresmitr\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Psychology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Av. Universidad 3004, Col. Copilco Universidad, Del. Coyoac\u00e1n, Mexico City 04515, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9878-3653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Platas-Acevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Psychology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Av. Universidad 3004, Col. Copilco Universidad, Del. Coyoac\u00e1n, Mexico City 04515, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2020, August 15). Global Status Report on Alcohol and Health 2018. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/substance_abuse\/publications\/global_alcohol_report\/en\/#:~:text=21%20September%202018%20%E2%80%93%20Geneva.,represents%201%20in%2020%20deaths."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60746-7","article-title":"Global burden of disease and injury and economic cost attributable to alcohol use and alcohol -use disorders","volume":"373","author":"Rehm","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"106","article-title":"The epidemiology of alcohol use disorders cross-nationally: Findings from the World Mental Health Surveys","volume":"102","author":"Glantz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2020, August 15). Encuesta Nacional de Consumo de Drogas, Alcohol y Tabaco, ENCODAT 2016\u20132017. Available online: https:\/\/www.gob.mx\/salud|conadic\/acciones-y-programas\/encuesta-nacional-de-consumo-de-drogas-alcohol-y-tabaco-encodat-2016-2017-136758."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)61340-X","article-title":"Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 306 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 188 countries, 1990\u20132013: Quantifying the epidemiological transition","volume":"386","author":"Murray","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000282","article-title":"Review of the worldwide epidemiology of eating disorders","volume":"29","author":"Hoek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"(2020, August 15). Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrici\u00f3n 2012. Available online: https:\/\/ensanut.insp.mx\/encuestas\/ensanut2012\/index.php."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2018.09.002","article-title":"Food and Alcohol Disturbance (FAD) in the U.S. and France: Nationality and gender effects and relations to drive for thinness and alcohol use","volume":"31","author":"Choquette","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eat. Behav."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1080\/07448481.2011.630702","article-title":"College students\u2019 compensatory eating and behaviors in response to alcohol consumption","volume":"5","author":"Bryant","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Health"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"(2020, August 15). Starving Themselves, Cocktail in Hand. Available online: https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2008\/03\/02\/fashion\/02drunk.html."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22926","article-title":"From fad to FAD: A theoretical formulation and proposed name change for \u201cdrunkorexia\u201d to food and alcohol disturbance (FAD)","volume":"51","author":"Choquette","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2008.06.012","article-title":"The measurement of impairment due to eating disorder psychopathology","volume":"46","author":"Bohn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"80","article-title":"Riesgo de anorexia y bulimia en funci\u00f3n de la ansiedad y edad de la pubertad en universitarios de Baja California-M\u00e9xico","volume":"5","author":"Platas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Mex. Trastor. Aliment."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Asociaci\u00f3n Psiqui\u00e1trica Americana (2014). Manual Diagn\u00f3stico y Estad\u00edstico de Los TRASTORNOS MENTALES, Editorial M\u00e9dica Panamericana. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"37","article-title":"Association between attitudes towards body image, negative emotions about one\u2019s own body and self-state representations in a clinical sample of eating disordered women","volume":"2","author":"Schiltz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Psychiatry Psychother."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.110.1.124","article-title":"A prospective test of the dual pathway model of bulimic pathology: Mediating effects of dieting and negative affect","volume":"110","author":"Stice","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1746-1561.2010.00561.x","article-title":"Overestimation and underestimation: Adolescents\u2019 weight perception in comparison to BMI-based weight status and how it varies across socio demographic factors","volume":"81","author":"Park","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Sch. Health"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"58","article-title":"Trastornos de la conducta de beber: Una propuesta de investigaci\u00f3n","volume":"5","author":"Navarro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Mex. Trastor. Aliment."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"10","article-title":"Conducta alimentaria y obesidad","volume":"6","year":"1998","journal-title":"Rev. Iberoam."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1986.tb00319.x","article-title":"The validity of the Short Alcohol Dependence Data (SADD) Questionnaire: A short self-report questionnaire for the assessment of alcohol dependence","volume":"81","author":"Davidson","year":"1986","journal-title":"Br. J. Addict."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Beck, A.T., and Steer, R.A. (1993). Beck Anxiety Inventory: Manual, Psychological Corporation."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"417","article-title":"Methods used to conduct the survey on consumers attitudes to food, nutrition and health on nationally","volume":"51","author":"Kearney","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"221","article-title":"Valoraci\u00f3n de la delgadez: Un estudio transcultural","volume":"14","author":"Acosta","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psicothema"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"(2020, August 15). Body Mass Index BMI. Available online: http:\/\/www.euro.who.int\/en\/health-topics\/disease-prevention\/nutrition\/a-healthy-lifestyle\/body-mass-index-bmi."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Sociedad Mexicana de Psicolog\u00eda (2010). C\u00f3digo \u00c9tico del Psic\u00f3logo, Trillas. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"34","article-title":"Modelos de ecuaciones estructurales","volume":"31","author":"Ruiz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pap. Psicol."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"155","article-title":"The body: Perceived physical attractiveness, dissatisfaction, and body image alteration in adolescents of the northwest Mexican border","volume":"27","author":"Platas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psicol. Salud"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Guzm\u00e1n, S.R. (2012). Factores Psicosociales Asociados con Conductas Alimentarias de Riesgo en Adolescentes con Obesidad. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico]."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.3200\/JACH.57.6.603-610","article-title":"Calorie restriction on drinking days: An examination of drinking consequences among college students","volume":"57","author":"Giles","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Health"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1080\/07448481.2013.823973","article-title":"Gender differences in the associations among body mass index, weight loss, exercise, and drinking among college students","volume":"61","author":"Barry","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Health"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s12147-002-0021-5","article-title":"Alcohol use and the fear of weight gain in college: Reconciling two social norms","volume":"20","author":"Peralta","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gend. Issues"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.131.5.635","article-title":"Physical attractiveness and health in Western societies: A review","volume":"131","author":"Weeden","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00289255","article-title":"Single white male looking for thin, very attractive","volume":"23","author":"Smith","year":"1990","journal-title":"Sex Roles"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1111\/jhn.12213","article-title":"Gender differences in dietary intakes: What is the contribution of motivational variables?","volume":"28","author":"Leblanc","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hum. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2010.71.742","article-title":"The college and noncollege experience: A review of the factors that influence drinking behavior in young adulthood","volume":"71","author":"Carter","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1081\/JA-200048464","article-title":"Drinking like a guy: Frequent binge drinking among undergraduate women","volume":"40","author":"Young","year":"2005","journal-title":"Subst. Use Misuse"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"57","article-title":"Gender differences in binge drinking. Prevalence, predictor, and consequences","volume":"39","author":"Wilsnack","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alcohol Res."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"1","article-title":"Bulimia and alcohol: Linking and unlinking disordered behavior","volume":"24","author":"Anderson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Scan\u2019s Pulse"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.3109\/00952999409106787","article-title":"Characteristics of bulimic women with and without alcohol abuse","volume":"20","author":"Bulik","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abus."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22526","article-title":"Risky drinking behaviors among women with eating disorders\u2014A longitudinal community-based study","volume":"49","author":"Mustelin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Fairburn, C.G., and Brownell, K.D. (2002). Eating Disorders and Obesity: A Comprehensive Handbook, Guilford Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.00591","article-title":"Stressful task increases drive for thinness and bulimia: A laboratory study","volume":"6","author":"Sassaroli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.84.2.191","article-title":"Self-Efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change","volume":"84","author":"Bandura","year":"1977","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1037\/hea0000264","article-title":"Avoiding exposure to air pollution by using filtering facemask respirators: An application of the Health Action Process Approach","volume":"35","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Williams, M., Teesdale, J., Segal, Z., and Kabat-Zinn, J. (2007). The Mindful Way through Depression: Freeing Yourself from Chronic Unhappiness, Guilford Publications. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Festinger, L. (1957). A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance, Stanford University Press. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1515\/9781503620766"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.1016","article-title":"A randomized trial of a dissonance-based eating-disorders prevention program","volume":"29","author":"Stice","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/17\/6293\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:04:33Z","timestamp":1760177073000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/17\/6293"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,29]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph17176293"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17176293","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,29]]}}}