{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:45:55Z","timestamp":1792025155027,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598918400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005357","name":"Agent\u00fara na Podporu V\u00fdskumu a V\u00fdvoja","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APVV 15-0085, APVV 15-0045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APVV 15-0085, APVV 15-0045"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005357","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006109","name":"Vedeck\u00e1 Grantov\u00e1 Agent\u00fara M\u0160VVa\u0160 SR a SAV","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["VEGA 1\/0286\/18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VEGA 1\/0286\/18"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006109","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are characterized by impairments in social interaction, communication, and restricted, stereotyped behavior. Gastrointestinal (GI), nutritional, and feeding problems are often reported in ASD. We investigated the prevalence of GI symptoms, food selectivity, and mealtime difficulties, and their associations with dietary interventions, food supplement use, and behavioral characteristics in a sample involving 247 participants with ASD and 267 controls aged 2\u201318 years. Data were collected by a questionnaire. GI symptoms were observed in 88.9% of children and adolescents with ASD, more often in girls than in boys. High rates of food selectivity (69.1%) and mealtime problems (64.3%) were found. Food supplements were used by 66.7% of individuals, mainly vitamins\/minerals, probiotics, and omega-3 fatty acids. In the ASD sample, 21.2% of subjects followed a diet, mostly based on gluten and milk restriction, including individuals exhibiting food selectivity. Frequency of GI symptoms, food selectivity, and mealtime problems correlated weakly, but significantly with behavioral characteristics in the ASD group, but not with food supplement use. The study demonstrated that higher frequency of GI symptoms, food selectivity, and mealtime problems are a common problem in pre-schoolers, schoolchildren, and adolescents with ASD, and together with dietary modification, they are significantly associated with ASD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17176372","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T08:53:43Z","timestamp":1598950423000},"page":"6372","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Gastrointestinal Symptoms and Feeding Problems and Their Associations with Dietary Interventions, Food Supplement Use, and Behavioral Characteristics in a Sample of Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorders"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0385-025X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarina","family":"Babinska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Research Centre for Autism, Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine in Bratislava, Comenius University, 813 72 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hana","family":"Celusakova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Research Centre for Autism, Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine in Bratislava, Comenius University, 813 72 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"Belica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Research Centre for Autism, Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine in Bratislava, Comenius University, 813 72 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zofia","family":"Szapuova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Research Centre for Autism, Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine in Bratislava, Comenius University, 813 72 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1749-2780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iveta","family":"Waczulikova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, 842 48 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dagmar","family":"Nemcsicsova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Research Centre for Autism, Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine in Bratislava, Comenius University, 813 72 Bratislava, Slovakia"},{"name":"Gastroenterology Centre ASSIDUO, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Tomova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Research Centre for Autism, Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine in Bratislava, Comenius University, 813 72 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Ostatnikova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Research Centre for Autism, Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine in Bratislava, Comenius University, 813 72 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-5, American Psychiatric Association. [5th ed.].","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1007\/s40474-013-0003-1","article-title":"Autism Spectrum Disorder: Defining Dimensions and Subgroups","volume":"1","author":"Ousley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Dev. Disord. Rep."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20193447","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2019-3447","article-title":"Council On Children with Disabilities, Section On Developmental And Behavioral Pediatrics Identification, Evaluation, and Management of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder","volume":"145","author":"Hyman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2014.00053","article-title":"Gene Environment Interactions in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Role of Epigenetic Mechanisms","volume":"5","author":"Tordjman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiarotti, F., and Venerosi, A. (2020). Epidemiology of Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of Worldwide Prevalence Estimates Since 2014. Brain Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10050274"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss6904a1","article-title":"Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 8 Years\u2014Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2016","volume":"69","author":"Maenner","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill. Summ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-017-0120-5","article-title":"Etiological influences on the stability of autistic traits from childhood to early adulthood: Evidence from a twin study","volume":"8","author":"Taylor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Autism"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-031816-044318","article-title":"The Changing Epidemiology of Autism Spectrum Disorders","volume":"38","author":"Lyall","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9942","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i29.9942","article-title":"Pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorders: Revisiting gastrointestinal involvement and immune imbalance","volume":"20","author":"Samsam","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kohane, I.S., McMurry, A., Weber, G., MacFadden, D., Rappaport, L., Kunkel, L., Bickel, J., Wattanasin, N., Spence, S., and Murphy, S. (2012). The Co-Morbidity Burden of Children and Young Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033224"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adams, J.B., Johansen, L.J., Powell, L.D., Quig, D., and Rubin, R.A. (2011). Gastrointestinal flora and gastrointestinal status in children with autism\u2014Comparisons to typical children and correlation with autism severity. BMC Gastroenterol., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230X-11-22"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.237","article-title":"Gastrointestinal Dysfunction in Autism: Parental Report, Clinical Evaluation, and Associated Factors: Gastrointestinal dysfunction in autism","volume":"5","author":"Gorrindo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Autism Res."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"69","article-title":"Association of conduct problems and gastrointestinal symptoms in individuals with autism spectrum disorders","volume":"58","author":"Babinska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Act. Nerv. Super. Rediviva"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-3995","article-title":"Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Meta-analysis","volume":"133","author":"McElhanon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-019-04357-7","article-title":"Feeding Problems, Gastrointestinal Symptoms, Challenging Behavior and Sensory Issues in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder","volume":"50","author":"Leader","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2018.05.005","article-title":"Dietary Intake, Nutrient Status, and Growth Parameters in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Severe Food Selectivity: An Electronic Medical Record Review","volume":"118","author":"Sharp","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Acad. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2014.12.010","article-title":"Eating and feeding problems and gastrointestinal dysfunction in Autism Spectrum Disorders","volume":"12","author":"Vissoker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Res. Autism Spectr. Disord."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2159","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-013-1771-5","article-title":"Feeding problems and nutrient intake in children with autism spectrum disorders: A meta-analysis and comprehensive review of the literature","volume":"43","author":"Sharp","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2010.02.013","article-title":"Food Selectivity in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders and Typically Developing Children","volume":"157","author":"Bandini","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2015.05.016","article-title":"Clinical differences in children with autism spectrum disorder with and without food selectivity","volume":"92","author":"Postorino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20183218","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2018-3218","article-title":"Dietary Interventions for Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Meta-analysis","volume":"144","author":"Fraguas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e180279","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.0279","article-title":"Association of Food Allergy and Other Allergic Conditions With Autism Spectrum Disorder in Children","volume":"1","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2018262","DOI":"10.1590\/1984-0462\/2020\/38\/2018262","article-title":"Autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review about nutritional interventions","volume":"38","author":"Monteiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Paul. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20170346","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-0346","article-title":"Nutritional and Dietary Interventions for Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review","volume":"139","author":"Sathe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuz092","article-title":"Nutritional interventions for autism spectrum disorder","volume":"78","author":"Karhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02172145","article-title":"Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised: A revised version of a diagnostic interview for caregivers of individuals with possible pervasive developmental disorders","volume":"24","author":"Lord","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Lord, C., Rutter, M., DiLavore, P.C., Risi, S., Gotham, K., and Bishop, S. (2012). Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Springer. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2704","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-015-2432-7","article-title":"The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Toddler Module: Standardized Severity Scores","volume":"45","author":"Esler","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-008-0674-3","article-title":"Standardizing ADOS Scores for a Measure of Severity in Autism Spectrum Disorders","volume":"39","author":"Gotham","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2400","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-012-1719-1","article-title":"Standardizing ADOS Domain Scores: Separating Severity of Social Affect and Restricted and Repetitive Behaviors","volume":"44","author":"Hus","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-006-0141-y","article-title":"Oral Human Immunoglobulin for Children with Autism and Gastrointestinal Dysfunction: A Prospective, Open-Label Study","volume":"36","author":"Schneider","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"702","article-title":"Vitamin D status in apparently healthy medication-free Slovaks: Association to blood pressure, body mass index, self-reported smoking status and physical activity","volume":"117","author":"Sebekova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bratisl. Lek. Listy"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3574","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-017-3271-5","article-title":"Behavioral Phenotype of ASD Preschoolers with Gastrointestinal Symptoms or Food Selectivity","volume":"47","author":"Prosperi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0b013e31821bd06a","article-title":"The Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Problems in Children Across the United States With Autism Spectrum Disorders From Families With Multiple Affected Members","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Dev. Behav. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.10.040","article-title":"Are gastrointestinal and sleep problems associated with behavioral symptoms of autism spectrum disorder?","volume":"259","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2017.00120","article-title":"The Gut Microbiota and Autism Spectrum Disorders","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.033","article-title":"Gastrointestinal Alterations in Autism Spectrum Disorder: What Do We Know?","volume":"118","author":"Geir","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fattorusso, A., Di Genova, L., Dell\u2019Isola, G., Mencaroni, E., and Esposito, S. (2019). Autism Spectrum Disorders and the Gut Microbiota. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11030521"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2014.10.033","article-title":"Gastrointestinal microbiota in children with autism in Slovakia","volume":"138","author":"Tomova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.1715","article-title":"Gender differences in autism spectrum disorders: Divergence among specific core symptoms: Gender differences in ASD","volume":"10","author":"Beggiato","year":"2017","journal-title":"Autism Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2018.01.009","article-title":"Intestinal microbiota, metabolome and gender dimorphism in autism spectrum disorders","volume":"49","author":"Kushak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Res. Autism Spectr. Disord."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tomova, A., Soltys, K., Kemenyova, P., Karhanek, M., and Babinska, K. (2020). The Influence of Food Intake Specificity in Children with Autism on Gut Microbiota. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21082797"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0000000000000757","article-title":"Onset, Trajectory, and Pattern of Feeding Difficulties in Toddlers Later Diagnosed with Autism","volume":"41","author":"Ashley","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dev. Behav. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073813498821","article-title":"Food Selectivity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Systematic Review","volume":"29","author":"Zazpe","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Sturmey, P. (2020). Chapter 7\u2014Pediatric feeding disorders. Functional Analysis in Clinical Treatment, Academic Press. [2nd ed.]. Practical Resources for the Mental Health Professional."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1002\/jaba.650","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial of an applied behavior analytic intervention for food selectivity in children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"52","author":"Peterson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Appl. Behav. Anal."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2015.03.026","article-title":"Dietary Supplementation in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: Common, Insufficient, and Excessive","volume":"115","author":"Stewart","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Acad. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361318794179","article-title":"Differences in food consumption and nutritional intake between children with autism spectrum disorders and typically developing children: A meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Canals","year":"2019","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-011-1268-z","article-title":"Food Variety as a Predictor of Nutritional Status Among Children with Autism","volume":"42","author":"Zimmer","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1007\/s40489-017-0103-7","article-title":"Overweight and Obesity in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): A Critical Review Investigating the Etiology, Development, and Maintenance of this Relationship","volume":"4","author":"Matheson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trudeau, M.S., Madden, R.F., Parnell, J.A., Gibbard, W.B., and Shearer, J. (2019). Dietary and Supplement-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use in Pediatric Autism Spectrum Disorder. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11081783"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-015-2582-7","article-title":"Nutritional Impact of a Gluten-Free Casein-Free Diet in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder","volume":"46","author":"Zazpe","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-019-04333-1","article-title":"Influence of a Combined Gluten-Free and Casein-Free Diet on Behavior Disorders in Children and Adolescents Diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A 12-Month Follow-Up Clinical Trial","volume":"50","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2015.08.005","article-title":"Effect of a ketogenic diet on autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review","volume":"20","author":"Castro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Res. Autism Spectr. Disord."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"2438934","article-title":"A Gluten-Free Diet, Not an Appropriate Choice without a Medical Diagnosis","volume":"2019","author":"Olenick","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.13846","article-title":"Eliminating cows\u2019 milk, but not wheat, barley or rye, increases the risk of growth deceleration and nutritional inadequacies","volume":"106","author":"Tuokkola","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2015.156","article-title":"The nutrition contribution of dietary supplements on total nutrient intake in children and adolescents","volume":"70","author":"Kang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.112.052373","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of children\u2019s dietary supplement use: The 2007 National Health Interview Survey","volume":"97","author":"Dwyer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bozzatello, P., Rocca, P., Mantelli, E., and Bellino, S. (2019). Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: What is Their Role in Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders?. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20215257"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258589","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/258589","article-title":"Complementary and Alternative Therapies for Autism Spectrum Disorder","volume":"2015","author":"Brondino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2017.08.426","article-title":"Randomized trial of omega-3 for autism spectrum disorders: Effect on cell membrane composition and behavior","volume":"27","author":"Parellada","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s40489-013-0007-0","article-title":"Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review","volume":"1","author":"Mannion","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-1878C","article-title":"Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Disorders in Individuals With ASDs: A Consensus Report","volume":"125","author":"Buie","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/s40489-016-0087-8","article-title":"A Systematic Synthesis of Behavioral Interventions for Food Selectivity of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders","volume":"3","author":"Silbaugh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1007\/s10567-010-0079-7","article-title":"Pediatric Feeding Disorders: A Quantitative Synthesis of Treatment Outcomes","volume":"13","author":"Sharp","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Child Fam. Psychol. Rev."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/17\/6372\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:05:37Z","timestamp":1760177137000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/17\/6372"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph17176372"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17176372","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]]}}}