{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T07:32:30Z","timestamp":1790839950834,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,7]],"date-time":"2020-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599436800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic can not only affect physical health, but also mental health, resulting in sleep problems, depression, and traumatic stress. Our research investigates the level of posttraumatic stress, perceived social support, opinions on positive and negative consequences of the pandemic, sense of security and sense of meaning among nurses in the face of this new and not fully understood global epidemiological phenomenon. For this purpose, computer-assisted web interviews were conducted between May 1 and May 15, 2020. Participating nurses completed the following research tools: The Impact Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), The Changes in Outlook Questionnaire (CIOQ), The Safety Experience Questionnaire (SEQ) and The Meaning in Life Questionnaire (MLQ). Three hundred and twenty-five nurses of an average age of 39.18 \u00b1 11.16 years and working throughout Poland joined the study. The average overall IES-R score in the study group was 1.78 \u00b1 0.65. Among the dimensions of traumatic stress, the highest score was obtained in the \u201cavoidance\u201d dimension was 1.86 \u00b1 0.73. Amongst participating nurses, the highest support rates were provided by significant others (22.58 \u00b1 5.22). Higher average scores were noted among participants in the subscale measuring positive psychological changes (18.56 \u00b1 4.04). The mean MLQ score was 5.33 \u00b1 0.87. A slightly higher result was observed in the subscale \u201cpresence\u201d (5.35 \u00b1 1.14). The results of the research implemented during the period of severe psychological pressure associated with the COVID-19 pandemic provided information on symptoms of traumatic stress in the examined group of nurses. Their sense of security has been lowered and accompanied by an intensified reflection on issues concerning security. However, their current sense of meaning in life remains higher than the tendency to searching for it. The surveyed nurses received individual support mostly from significant others (i.e., other than family and friends). They see positive changes resulting from painful experiences related to the COVID-19 pandemic, which can be characterized by adaptation in the form of post-traumatic growth.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17186491","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,7]],"date-time":"2020-09-07T09:18:16Z","timestamp":1599470296000},"page":"6491","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":80,"title":["The Severity of Traumatic Stress Associated with COVID-19 Pandemic, Perception of Support, Sense of Security, and Sense of Meaning in Life among Nurses: Research Protocol and Preliminary Results from Poland"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0503-8847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grzegorz J\u00f3zef","family":"Nowicki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine and Community Nursing, Medical University of Lublin, Staszica 6 Str., PL-20-081 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0101-9216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"\u015alusarska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine and Community Nursing, Medical University of Lublin, Staszica 6 Str., PL-20-081 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9226-1328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kinga","family":"Tucholska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Psychology, Faculty of Management and Social Communication, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Lojasiewicza 4 Str., PL-30-348 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1307-5015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Naylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Didactics and Medical Simulation, Medical University of Lublin, Chod\u017aki 4 Str., PL-20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Chrzan-Rodak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine and Community Nursing, Medical University of Lublin, Staszica 6 Str., PL-20-081 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6101-783X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Niedorys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine and Community Nursing, Medical University of Lublin, Staszica 6 Str., PL-20-081 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","article-title":"Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China","volume":"395","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100064","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2020.100064","article-title":"Knowledge and attitudes of medical staff in Chinese psychiatric hospitals regarding COVID-19","volume":"4","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav. 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