{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:45:14Z","timestamp":1787028314570,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,7]],"date-time":"2020-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599436800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Persons with a disability are at a far higher risk of homelessness than those without. The economic, social and health challenges faced by disabled people are addressed, in Australia, by the recently implemented National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS). Using nationally representative, longitudinal household panel data, we construct the Index of Relative Homelessness Risk (IRHR) to track how the risk of homelessness for disabled persons has changed since the introduction of the NDIS. We find that, overall, fewer persons with a disability face moderate risk of homelessness but that many more face high risk. We conclude that the NDIS has not effectively protected disabled people from the risk of homelessness. We reflect on the implications of these findings for policy interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17186512","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,7]],"date-time":"2020-09-07T09:18:16Z","timestamp":1599470296000},"page":"6512","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The Shifting Risk of Homelessness among Persons with a Disability: Insights from a National Policy Intervention"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9255-3985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Beer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UniSA Business, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9549-8515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lyrian","family":"Daniel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture and Built Environment, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9390-0491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture and Built Environment, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9882-4619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laurence","family":"Lester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UniSA Business, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2020, June 16). Australian Bureau of Statistics (2019) 4430.0-Disability, Ageing and Carers, Australia: Summary of Findings, Available online: https:\/\/www.abs.gov.au\/ausstats\/abs@.nsf\/Latestproducts\/4430.0Main%20Features12018?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=4430.0&issue=2018&num=&view=."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Homelessness Australia (2020, July 08). Homelessness and Disability. Available online: https:\/\/www.homelessnessaustralia.org.au\/sites\/homelessnessaus\/files\/2017-07\/Homelessness%20and%20disability_0.pdf."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Australian Institute of Health of Welfare (2020, July 08). People with Disability in Australia: In brief, Available online: https:\/\/www.aihw.gov.au\/reports\/disability\/people-with-disability-in-australia-in-brief\/contents\/how-many-receive-housing-assistance."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beer, A., Baker, E., Lester, L., and Daniel, L. (2019). The Relative Risk of Homelessness among Persons with a Disability: New Methods and Policy Insights. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16224304"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"National Disability Insurance Agency (2020, July 13). Overview of the NDIS Operational Guideline-about the NDIS, Available online: https:\/\/www.ndis.gov.au\/about-us\/operational-guidelines\/overview-ndis-operational-guideline\/overview-ndis-operational-guideline-about-ndis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Productivity Commission (2011). Disability Care and Support, Productivity Commission. Final Report.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2006098"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Hinton, T. (2006). My Life as a Budget Item: Disability, Budget Priorities and Poverty in Tasmania, Anglicare Tasmania."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beer, A., Flanagan, K., Verdouw, J., Lowies, B., Hemphill, L., and Zappia, G. (2019). 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(2020, September 07). Precarious housing and health inequalities: What are the links? , VicHealth Research Report, Available online: https:\/\/www.vichealth.vic.gov.au\/~\/media\/resourcecentre\/publicationsandresources\/health%20inequalities\/precarious%20housing\/precarious%20housing_summary%20report_web.pdf?la=en#:~:text=%E2%80%A2-,the%20relationship%20between%20health%20and%20precarious%20housing%20is%20graded.,living%20in%20precarious%20housing%20increases.&text=%E2%80%A2-,Poor%20health%20can%20lead%20to%20precarious%20housing.,to%20be%20in%20precarious%20housing."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Beer, A., Baker, E., Mallett, S., Batterham, D., Pate, A., and Lester, L. (2020, July 13). Addressing Homelessness Amongst Persons with a Disability: Identifying and Enacting Best Practice. Available online: https:\/\/melbourneinstitute.unimelb.edu.au\/assets\/documents\/hilda-bibliography\/other-publications\/2012\/Beer_etal_Homelessness-and-Disability-FINAL-REPORT-2-2.pdf."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/14036096.2017.1408678","article-title":"Defining \u201cat risk of homelessness\u201d: Reconnecting causes, mechanisms and risk","volume":"36","author":"Batterham","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hous. Theory Soc."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2019.03.002","article-title":"Associations between individual-level characteristics and exposure to physically violent behavior among young people experiencing homelessness: A meta-analysis","volume":"47","author":"Heerde","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aggress. Violent Behav."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2018.06.001","article-title":"Sick and unsheltered: Homelessness as a major risk factor for emergency care utilization","volume":"37","author":"Amato","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1002\/ajs4.72","article-title":"Experiences of National Disability Insurance Scheme planning from the perspective of adults with intellectual disability","volume":"54","author":"Perry","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aust. J. Soc. Issues"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cortese, C., Truscott, F., Nikidehaghani, M., and Chapple, S. (2020). Hard-to-reach: The NDIS, disability, and socio-economic disadvantage. Disabil. Soc., 1\u201321.","DOI":"10.1080\/09687599.2020.1782173"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"National Disability Insurance Agency (2020, July 20). 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Available online: https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/EN\/NewsEvents\/Pages\/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=24989&LangID=E."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/18\/6512\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:07:39Z","timestamp":1760177259000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/18\/6512"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,7]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph17186512"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17186512","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,7]]}}}