{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T11:32:37Z","timestamp":1784547157489,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,9]],"date-time":"2020-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599609600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ANCSI as Intermediary Organism in the name and for the Ministry of European Funds","award":["project ID 37_215, MySMIS code 103415"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["project ID 37_215, MySMIS code 103415"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Motor disability is a key feature of many neurological diseases, influencing the social roles of affected patients and their ability to perform daily life activities. Current rehabilitation capacities are overwhelmed by the age-related increase of motor dysfunctions seen, for example, in stroke, extrapyramidal or neuromuscular diseases. As the patient to rehabilitation personnel ration increases, robotic solutions might establish the possibility to rapidly satisfy the increasing demand for rehabilitation. This paper presents an inaugural exploratory study which investigates the interchangeability of a novel experimental robotic rehabilitation device system with classical physical therapy, using a multimodal neurophysiological assessment of the motor system\u2014quantitative electroencephalogram (EEG), motor conduction times and turn\/amplitude analysis. Preliminary results show no significant difference between the two methods; however, a significant effect of the therapy was found on different pathologies (beneficial for vascular and extrapyramidal, or limited, and only on preventing reduction of joint movements in neuromuscular).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17186557","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,9]],"date-time":"2020-09-09T09:01:09Z","timestamp":1599642069000},"page":"6557","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["The Impact of Robotic Rehabilitation on the Motor System in Neurological Diseases. A Multimodal Neurophysiological Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Zolt\u00e1n Zsigmond","family":"Major","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Advanced Medicine \u201cMedFuture\u201d, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d Cluj-Napoca, 400000 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Neurology Department, Municipal Clinical Hospital Cluj-Napoca, 400139 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2822-9790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Calin","family":"Vaida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Industrial Robots Simulation and Testing, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kinga Andrea","family":"Major","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second ICU, Neurosurgery Department, Cluj County Emergency Clinical Hospital, Strada Clinicilor 3\u20135, 400000 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Tucan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Industrial Robots Simulation and Testing, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G\u00e1bor","family":"Simori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Department, Municipal Clinical Hospital Cluj-Napoca, 400139 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandru","family":"Banica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Industrial Robots Simulation and Testing, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emanuela","family":"Brusturean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Department, Municipal Clinical Hospital Cluj-Napoca, 400139 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alin","family":"Burz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Industrial Robots Simulation and Testing, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raul","family":"Craciunas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Department, Municipal Clinical Hospital Cluj-Napoca, 400139 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ionut","family":"Ulinici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Industrial Robots Simulation and Testing, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0831-8358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Carbone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Industrial Robots Simulation and Testing, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"DIMEG, University of Calabria, Via Pietro Bucci, 87036 Arcavacata, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bogdan","family":"Gherman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Industrial Robots Simulation and Testing, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4026-2318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iosif","family":"Birlescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Industrial Robots Simulation and Testing, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7014-9431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Doina","family":"Pisla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Industrial Robots Simulation and Testing, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S548","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22062","article-title":"Functional organization of the basal ganglia: Therapeutic implications for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"23","author":"Obeso","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2017.08.3100","article-title":"Neurophysiology methods in the assessment of the efficacy of rehabilitation of sensomotor disturbances due to spinal cord lesions","volume":"381","author":"Voitenkov","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00442","article-title":"Rehabilitation of Motor Function after Stroke: A Multiple Systematic Review Focused on Techniques to Stimulate Upper Extremity Recovery","volume":"10","author":"Hatem","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"45","article-title":"Physical therapy for individuals with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Current insights","volume":"8","year":"2018","journal-title":"Degener. Neurol. Neuromuscul. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Veerbeek, J.M., Van Wegen, E.E.H., Van Peppen, R., Van Der Wees, P.J., Hendriks, E., Rietberg, M., and Kwakkel, G. (2014). What Is the Evidence for Physical Therapy Poststroke? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0087987"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-018-0383-x","article-title":"Rehabilitation robots for the treatment of sensorimotor deficits: A neurophysiological perspective","volume":"15","author":"Gassert","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2013.00184","article-title":"Neurophysiology of Robot-Mediated Training and Therapy: A Perspective for Future Use in Clinical Populations","volume":"4","author":"Turner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"11","article-title":"Rethinking the robotic rehabilitation pathway for people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A need for clinical trials","volume":"16","author":"Portaro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Innov. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-151240","article-title":"Comprehensive rehabilitative care across the spectrum of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"37","author":"Paganoni","year":"2015","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2017-316437","article-title":"Efficacy of intensive multidisciplinary rehabilitation in Parkinson\u2019s disease: A randomised controlled study","volume":"89","author":"Ferrazzoli","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"CD002817","article-title":"Physiotherapy versus placebo or no intervention in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"11","author":"Tomlinson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968314539732","article-title":"Two-year exercise program improves physical function in Parkinson\u2019s disease: The PRET-PD randomized clinical trial","volume":"29","author":"Prodoehl","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Repair"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-017-0273-7","article-title":"Robot-supported assessment of balance in standing and walking","volume":"14","author":"Shirota","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-52901-5.00023-X","article-title":"Rehabilitation Robotics","volume":"110","author":"Krebs","year":"2013","journal-title":"Handb. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20090091","article-title":"Striding Out With Parkinson Disease: Evidence-Based Physical Therapy for Gait Disorders","volume":"90","author":"Morris","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"192","article-title":"Ranges of Motion as Basis for Robot-Assisted Post-Stroke Rehabilitation","volume":"8","author":"Major","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"91","article-title":"On Human Robot Interaction Modalities in the Upper Limb Rehabilitation after Stroke","volume":"60","author":"Vaida","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACTA Tech. Napoc. Ser. Appl. Math. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Plitea, N., Vaida, C., Carbone, G., Pisla, A., Ulinici, I., Pisla, D., Carvalho, J.C.M., Martins, D., Simoni, R., and Simas, H. (2017). On the kinematics of an innovative spherical parallel robot for shoulder rehabilitation. International Symposiu on Multibody Systems and Mechatronics, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-67567-1_44"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tucan, P., Vaida, C., Plitea, N., Pisla, A., Carbone, G., and Pisla, D. (2019). Risk-Based Assessment Engineering of a Parallel Robot Used in Post-Stroke Upper Limb Rehabilitation. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11102893"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Birlescu, I., Vaida, C., Pisla, A., Carbone, G., and Pisla, D. (2019). Singularity analysis of a spherical robot used in upper limb rehabilitation. Interdisciplinary Applications of Kinematics, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-16423-2_19"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Plitea, N., Gherman, B., Carbone, G., Ceccarelli, M., Vaida, C., Banica, A., Pisla, D., Pisla, A., Carvalho, J.C.M., and Martins, D. (2017). Kinematic analysis of an exoskeleton-based robot for elbow and wrist rehabilitation. International Symposiu on Multibody Systems and Mechatronics, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-67567-1_40"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2019.02.013","article-title":"Does hand robotic rehabilitation improve motor function by rebalancing interhemispheric connectivity after chronic stroke? Encouraging data from a randomised-clinical-trial","volume":"130","author":"Accorinti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laaksonen, K., Helle, L., Parkkonen, L., Kirveskari, E., M\u00e4kel\u00e4, J.P., Mustanoja, S., Tatlisumak, T., Kaste, M., and Forss, N. (2013). Alterations in Spontaneous Brain Oscillations during Stroke Recovery. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061146"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2811","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awv265","article-title":"Using oscillations to understand recovery after stroke","volume":"138","author":"Ward","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1177\/1747493017714176","article-title":"Biomarkers of stroke recovery: Consensus-based core recommendations from the Stroke Recovery and Rehabilitation Roundtable","volume":"12","author":"Boyd","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Stroke"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl333","article-title":"Functional potential in chronic stroke patients depends on corticospinal tract integrity","volume":"130","author":"Stinear","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.08.014","article-title":"Corticospinal Integrity and Motor Impairment Predict Outcomes After Excitatory Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: A Preliminary Study","volume":"96","author":"Lai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24472","article-title":"Proportional recovery after stroke depends on corticomotor integrity","volume":"78","author":"Byblow","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968304269210","article-title":"Immediate and Long-Term Changes in Corticomotor Output in Response to Rehabilitation: Correlation with Functional Improvements in Chronic Stroke","volume":"18","author":"Koski","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Repair"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2359","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awv156","article-title":"Connectivity measures are robust biomarkers of cortical function and plasticity after stroke","volume":"138","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4598(199708)20:8<938::AID-MUS2>3.0.CO;2-7","article-title":"Firing rate of the lower motoneuron and contractile properties of its muscle fibers after upper motoneuron lesion in man","volume":"20","author":"Frontera","year":"1997","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2005.09.005","article-title":"Firing properties of motor units during fatigue in subjects after stroke","volume":"16","author":"Hu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4598(199811)21:11<1502::AID-MUS20>3.0.CO;2-0","article-title":"Motor unit discharge behaviors in stroke patients","volume":"21","author":"Yan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4598(199807)21:7<946::AID-MUS15>3.0.CO;2-O","article-title":"An assessment of motor unit discharge patterns in stroke patients using a surface electromyographic technique","volume":"21","author":"Yan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318224af8d","article-title":"Quantitative EEG as a predictive biomarker for Parkinson disease dementia","volume":"77","author":"Klassen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cozac, V., Gschwandtner, U., Hatz, F., Hardmeier, M., R\u00fcegg, S., and Fuhr, P. (2016). Quantitative EEG and Cognitive Decline in Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Parkinsons Dis.","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/9060649"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"433","article-title":"Electroencephalogram and event-related potential analyses in Parkinson disease","volume":"64","author":"Kamei","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Nerve"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12878","article-title":"Differential spectral quantitative electroencephalography patterns between control and Parkinson\u2019s disease cohorts","volume":"23","author":"Caviness","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-016-0487-6","article-title":"Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for the Assessment of Neurodegenerative Disease","volume":"14","author":"Vucic","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2013.00135","article-title":"Non-Linear EMG Parameters for Differential and Early Diagnostics of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"4","author":"Meigal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2008.02.008","article-title":"Novel parameters of surface EMG in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease and healthy young and old controls","volume":"19","author":"Meigal","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2018-319581","article-title":"Measuring network disruption in neurodegenerative diseases: New approaches using signal analysis","volume":"90","author":"McMackin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.101707","article-title":"Dysfunction of attention switching networks in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"22","author":"McMackin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4827","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24740","article-title":"Patterned functional network disruption in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"40","author":"Dukic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2016.140","article-title":"Pathophysiological and diagnostic implications of cortical dysfunction in ALS","volume":"12","author":"Geevasinga","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2012-304019","article-title":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Pathophysiological insights","volume":"84","author":"Vucic","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-141125","article-title":"EMG-force relation in the first dorsal interosseous muscle of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"35","author":"Hu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurorehabilitation"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.17816\/PTORS4447-55","article-title":"Clinical, neurological, and neurophysiological evaluation of the efficiency of motor rehabilitation in children with cerebral palsy using robotic mechanotherapy and transcutaneous electrical stimulation of the spinal cord","volume":"4","author":"Ikoeva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr. Traumatol. Orthop. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Vaida, C., Plitea, N., Pisla, D., Carbone, G., Gherman, B., Ulinici, I., and Pisla, A. (2020). Spherical Robot for Medical Rehabilitation of Proximal Area of Upper Limb. (No. RO-132233), Patent."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Gherman, B., Pisla, D., Plitea, N., Vaida, C., Carbone, G., and Pisla, A. (2020). Parallel Robotic System for Medical Rehabilitation of Upper Limb. (No. RO-132234), Patent."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vaida, C., Birlescu, I., Pisla, A., Carbone, G., Plitea, N., Ulinici, I., Gherman, B., Puskas, F., Tucan, P., and Pisla, D. (2018). RAISE-An innovative parallel robotic system for lower limb rehabilitation. New Trends in Medical and Service Robotics, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-00329-6_33"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gherman, B., Birlescu, I., Puskas, F., Pisla, A., Carbone, G., Tucan, P., Banica, A., and Pisla, D. (2018). A kinematic characterization of a parallel robotic system for lower limb rehabilitation. European Conference on Mechanism Science, Springer.","DOI":"10.1115\/DETC2018-85872"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2014.11.010","article-title":"Neural oscillations: Beta band activity across motor networks","volume":"32","author":"Khanna","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"127","article-title":"Synergistic versus antagonistic actions of glutamate and glutathione: The role of excitotoxicity and oxidative stress in neuronal disease","volume":"48","author":"Shaw","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Boil."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"11","article-title":"Gait Rehabilitation Following Neurological Disorders: Are Robotic Devices the Future?","volume":"15","author":"Manuli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Innov. Clin. Neurosci."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/18\/6557\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:08:17Z","timestamp":1760177297000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/18\/6557"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,9]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph17186557"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17186557","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,9]]}}}