{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T22:04:19Z","timestamp":1787004259315,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,11]],"date-time":"2020-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599782400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010425","name":"Tri-Service General Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TSGH-C108-198, TSGH-B-109010, TSGH-E-109205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TSGH-C108-198, TSGH-B-109010, TSGH-E-109205"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010425","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of study is to investigate the risk of developing acquired cholesteatoma and external auditory canal (EAC) stenosis after traumatic brain injury (TBI) from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD). Each subject was individually traced from their index date to identify those who received a diagnosis of acquired cholesteatoma and EAC stenosis. Cox regression analyses were applied to determine the risk of TBI-related acquired cholesteatoma and EAC stenosis. The follow-up data collected over 10 years were obtained from the TBI and comparison cohorts, of 455,834 and 911,668 patients, respectively. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that TBI significantly increased the risk of cholesteatoma (adjusted hazard ratio (HR), 1.777; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.494\u22122.114, p &lt; 0.001) and EAC stenosis (adjusted (HR), 3.549; 95% (CI), 2.713\u22124.644, p &lt; 0.001). In our subgroup injury analysis, falls had the highest associated risk (4.308 times), followed by traffic injuries (66.73%; 3.718 times that of the control group). Otolaryngologists should not neglect the clinical importance and carefully investigate the possibility of subsequent cholesteatoma and EAC stenosis, which leads to hearing impairment in patients with TBI. Our research also shows the important role in preventing TBI, especially as a result of traffic injuries and falls.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17186624","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,11]],"date-time":"2020-09-11T09:05:16Z","timestamp":1599815116000},"page":"6624","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Risk of Acquired Cholesteatoma and External Auditory Canal Stenosis in Traumatic Brain Injury: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0138-1904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hung-Che","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan"},{"name":"Hualien Armed Forces General Hospital, Hualien County 97144, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng-Ping","family":"Shih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5498-5621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hsin-Chien","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0380-7286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chun-An","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuahn-Sieh","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen-Shien","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Medicine Department, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4576-9900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chi-Hsian","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bor-Rong","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jih-Chin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei-Chuan","family":"Shangkuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei City Government, Taipei 11146, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3286-0780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wu-Chien","family":"Chien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, 9314R, No.161, Section 6, Min-Chuan East Road, Neihu District, Taipei City 11490, Taiwan"},{"name":"Taiwanese Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion Association, 4112R, No.161, Section 6, Min-Chuan East Road, Neihu District, Taipei City 11490, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8563-1378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chi-Ming","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greinwald, J.H., Kelly, K.E., and Tami, T.A. 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