{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T17:37:03Z","timestamp":1784309823360,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,12]],"date-time":"2020-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599868800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["01KI1717"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01KI1717"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The risk of increasing dengue (DEN) and chikungunya (CHIK) epidemics impacts 240 million people, health systems, and the economy in the Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH) region. The aim of this systematic review is to monitor trends in the distribution and spread of DEN\/CHIK over time and geographically for future reliable vector and disease control in the HKH region. We conducted a systematic review of the literature on the spatiotemporal distribution of DEN\/CHIK in HKH published up to 23 January 2020, following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. In total, we found 61 articles that focused on the spatial and temporal distribution of 72,715 DEN and 2334 CHIK cases in the HKH region from 1951 to 2020. DEN incidence occurs in seven HKH countries, i.e., India, Nepal, Bhutan, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, and Myanmar, and CHIK occurs in four HKH countries, i.e., India, Nepal, Bhutan, and Myanmar, out of eight HKH countries. DEN is highly seasonal and starts with the onset of the monsoon (July in India and June in Nepal) and with the onset of spring (May in Bhutan) and peaks in the postmonsoon season (September to November). This current trend of increasing numbers of both diseases in many countries of the HKH region requires coordination of response efforts to prevent and control the future expansion of those vector-borne diseases to nonendemic areas, across national borders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17186656","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,13]],"date-time":"2020-09-13T21:11:32Z","timestamp":1600031492000},"page":"6656","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Spatiotemporal Distribution of Dengue and Chikungunya in the Hindu Kush Himalayan Region: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Parbati","family":"Phuyal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5106-2012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabelle Marie","family":"Kramer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0716-9872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Doris","family":"Klingelh\u00f6fer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5091-7752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulrich","family":"Kuch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Axel","family":"Madeburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Groneberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edwin","family":"Wouters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7176-7821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meghnath","family":"Dhimal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"},{"name":"Health Research Section, Nepal Health Research Council, Ramshah Path, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"},{"name":"Unit Entomology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2014). Vector-Borne Diseases; An information Booklet, World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1159\/000331508","article-title":"Dengue fever virus (DENV)","volume":"38","author":"Seitz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transfus. Med. Hemotherapy"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2363","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.82858-0","article-title":"Changing patterns of chikunya virus: Re-emergence of a zoonotic arbovirus","volume":"88","author":"Powers","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2014). A global Brief on Vector-Borne Diseases, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.12-0157","article-title":"The economic burden of dengue","volume":"86","author":"Gubler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1504.080664","article-title":"Concurrent chikungunya and dengue virus infections during simultaneous outbreaks, Gabon, 2007","volume":"15","author":"Leroy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1507.080638","article-title":"Co-infections with chikungunya virus and dengue virus in Delhi, India","volume":"15","author":"Chahar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"WHO (2009). Vector-Borne Diseases, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"WHO (2018, February 05). New Vector Control Response Seen as Game-Changer. Available online: http:\/\/www.who.int\/features\/2017\/new-vector-control\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"1136","article-title":"Climate change and vector-borne diseases: A regional analysis","volume":"78","author":"Githeko","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wester, P., Mishra, A., Mukherji, A., and Shrestha, A.B. (2019). The Hindu Kush Himalaya Assessment-Mountains, Climate Change, Sustainability and People, Springer Nature.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-92288-1"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Singh, S.P., Bassignana-Khadka, I., Karky, B.S., and Sharma, E. (2011). Climate Change in the Hindu Kush-Himalayas: The State of Current Knowledge, International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu-Helmersson, J., Stenlund, H., Wilder-Smith, A., and Rockl\u00f6v, J. (2014). Vectorial capacity of Aedes aegypti: Effects of Temperature and Implications for Global Dengue Epidemic Potential. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0089783"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1206432","article-title":"Rapid Range Shifts of Species Associated with High Levels of Climate warming","volume":"333","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science (80-)"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2150","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32689-3","article-title":"The Dengue Epidemic and Climate Change in Nepal","volume":"394","author":"Pandey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eriksson, M., Jianch, X., Shrestha, A.B., Vaidya, R.A., and Nepal, S. (2009). The Changing Himalayas\u2013Impact of Climate Change on Water Resources and Livelihoods in the Greater Himalayas, ICIMOD.","DOI":"10.53055\/ICIMOD.516"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.4103\/1995-7645.250340","article-title":"Surveillance of Chikungunya virus activity in some North-eastern states of India","volume":"12","author":"Dutta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"985","article-title":"Dengue fever incidences and meteorological variables in Dehradun city ( Uttarakhand), India: Temporal Analysis","volume":"21","author":"Mondal","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Exp. Zool. India"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1177\/1010539518769809","article-title":"Spatiotemporal Distribution and Geospatial Diffusion Patterns of 2013 Dengue Outbreak in Jhapa","volume":"30","author":"Acharya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asia Pacific J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmm.IJMM_17_121","article-title":"Serotyping of Degue Viruses Circulating During 2014-2015 in Assam, India","volume":"36","author":"Rahman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmm.IJMM_17_30","article-title":"Molecular characterisation and phylogenetic anlysis of dengue outbreak in Pasighat, Arunachal Pradesh, Northeast India","volume":"36","author":"Borkakoty","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1973","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-018-1601-8","article-title":"Modeling the spatially varying risk factors of dengue fever in Jhapa district, Nepal, using the semi-parametric geographically weighted regression model","volume":"62","author":"Acharya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-018-3514-3","article-title":"Profile of the 2016 dengue outbreak in Nepal","volume":"11","author":"Khetan","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Res. Notes"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"1","article-title":"First Outbreak of Dengue in Jorhat District of Assam","volume":"12","author":"Sargiary","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Dianostic Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3530","DOI":"10.14260\/jemds\/2018\/793","article-title":"A Study of Seroprevalence and Changing Trend of Dengue in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Manipur","volume":"7","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Evol. Med. Dent. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"59","article-title":"First report of Chikungunya virus circulation during a dengue outbreak in Arunachal Pradesh, a Northeastern state of India","volume":"35","author":"Dutta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"DC05","article-title":"Serosurveillance of Dengue, Chikungunya and Zika in Jammu, a Sub-Himalayan Region of India","volume":"11","author":"Sudhan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagnostic Res."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"LC01","article-title":"Role of a Surveillance System in the Management of an Outbreak of Dengue in the Mid Hills of Himachal Pradesh, India","volume":"11","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagnostic Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0221","article-title":"Dengue Virus Serotypes 1 and 2 Responsible for Major Dengue Outbreaks in Nepal: Clinical, Laboratory, and Epidemiological Features","volume":"4","author":"Dumre","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trx059","article-title":"Evidence of Chikungunya virus circulation in the Terai region of Nepal in 2014 and 2015","volume":"111","author":"Pandey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmm.IJMM_16_127","article-title":"Molecular and Phylogenetic Evidence of Chikungunya Virus Circulating in Assam, India","volume":"35","author":"Dutta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s41043-017-0080-6","article-title":"Prevalence of dengue and diversity of cultivable bacteria in vector Aedes aegypti (L.) from two dengue endemic districts, Kanchanpur and Parsa of Nepal","volume":"36","author":"Thapa","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Health. Popul. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"1","article-title":"Dengue and Scrub Typhus Coinfection in a Patient Presenting with Febrile Illness","volume":"2017","author":"Sapkota","year":"2017","journal-title":"Case Rep. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3432-z","article-title":"Spatiotemporal analysis of dengue fever in Nepal from 2010 to 2014","volume":"16","author":"Acharya","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2015.1921","article-title":"Prevalence of Zoonotic and Vector-Borne Infections Among Afghan National Army Recruits in Afghanistan","volume":"16","author":"Todd","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-016-2590-3","article-title":"A comparative hospital-based observational study of mono- and co-infections of malaria, dengue virus and scrub typhus causing acute undifferentiated fever","volume":"35","author":"Ahmad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta, B.P., Adhikari, A., Rauniyar, R., Kurmi, R., Upadhya, B.P., Jha, B.K., Pandey, B., and Manandhar, K. (2016). Das Dengue virus infection in a French traveller to the hilly region of Nepal in 2015: A case report. J. Med. Case Rep., 1\u20133.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-016-0847-1"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shrestha, R., Pant, N.D., Gc, G., Thapa, S., Neupane, B., Shah, Y., Gautam, I., and Pandey, B.D. (2016). Serological and Entomological Study of Dengue in Dang and Chitwan districts of Nepal. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0147953"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"15","article-title":"Studies on Symptomatic Profiles of Dengue Fever (DF) vis-a-vis Non-Dengue Fever (NDF) in District Dehradun, Uttarakhand","volume":"48","author":"Mondal","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Commun. Dis."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"1","article-title":"Sero-Epidemiological trends of Dengue Fever in Jammu Province of J&K State","volume":"5","author":"Sudhan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Res. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-5916.176564","article-title":"Das. Re-emergence of dengue virus serotype 2 strains in the 2013 outbreak in Nepal","volume":"142","author":"Gupta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"796","article-title":"Dengue, an emerging arboviral infection in assam, northeast India","volume":"32","author":"Dev","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"775","article-title":"Persistent dengue emergence: The 7 years surrounding the 2010 epidemic in Nepal","volume":"109","author":"Pandey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0092","article-title":"Detection of Chikungunya Virus in Nepal","volume":"93","author":"Pandey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004010","article-title":"Epidemiological and Molecular Characterization of Dengue Virus Circulating in Bhutan, 2013-2014","volume":"9","author":"Zangmo","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"591","article-title":"Chikungunya outbreak in Garo Hills, Meghalaya: An epidemiological perspective","volume":"141","author":"Khan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"998","article-title":"Knowledge and prevention measures against dengue in southern Nepal","volume":"2","author":"Neupane","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Coast. Life Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0383","article-title":"Short report: Diagnostic testing for hemorrhagic fevers in Pakistan: 2007-2013","volume":"91","author":"Hasan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.3701","article-title":"First Report of Chikungunya Virus Infection in Nepal","volume":"8","author":"Pun","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dev. Ctries."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"1","article-title":"A study of etiological pattern in an epidemic of acute febrile illness during monsoon in a tertiary health care institute of Uttarakhand, India","volume":"8","author":"Singh","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagnostic Res."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"1","article-title":"Dengue outbreak in a hilly state of Arunachal Pradesh in Northeast India","volume":"2014","author":"Khan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1910.130453","article-title":"Chikungunya fever outbreak, Bhutan, 2012","volume":"19","author":"Wangchuk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trt061","article-title":"Critical phase among patients with dengue fever during the 2010 outbreak in Nepal","volume":"107","author":"Pun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"1","article-title":"Dengue outbreak in an Indo-Myanmar boarder area: Epidemiological aspects and risk factors","volume":"30","author":"Khan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.2149\/tmh.2012-17","article-title":"First Isolation of Dengue Virus from the 2010 Epidemic in Nepal","volume":"41","author":"Pandey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Health"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1177\/0049475513483281","article-title":"Dengue hepatitis sans dysfunction: Experience of a single tertiary referral centre in the north Indian state of Uttarakhand","volume":"43","author":"Ahmad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trop. Doct."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"649","article-title":"Outbreak of dengue virus serotype-2 (DENV-2) of Cambodian origin in Manipur, India\u07deAssociation with meteorological factors","volume":"136","author":"Sankari","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"114","article-title":"The burden of dengue infection in some vulnerable regions of Nepal","volume":"14","author":"Poudel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nepal Med Coll. J."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"152","article-title":"Dengue in Western Terai Region of Nepal","volume":"10","author":"Shah","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nepal Health Res. Counc."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2011.02.004","article-title":"First evidence of chikungunya virus infection in Assam, Northeast India","volume":"105","author":"Dutta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.31729\/jnma.25","article-title":"Acute Dengue Infection in the Western Terai Region of Nepal","volume":"51","author":"Pun","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nepal Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/S1995-7645(10)60088-0","article-title":"Sero diagnosis of dengue activity in an unknown febrile outbreak at the Siliguri Town, District Darjeeling, West Bengal","volume":"3","author":"Taraphdar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1630","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1510.090123","article-title":"Diversity and origin of dengue virus serotypes 1, 2, and 3, Bhutan","volume":"15","author":"Dorji","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"104","article-title":"Serological study of dengue virus infection in Terai region, Nepal","volume":"11","author":"Sah","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nepal Med. Coll. J."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"54","article-title":"Dengue encephalitis","volume":"40","author":"Agarwal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1708-8305.2007.00165.x","article-title":"Dengue virus type 2 isolated from an imported dengue patient in Japan: First isolation of dengue virus from Nepal","volume":"15","author":"Takasaki","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Travel Med."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2007.02.015","article-title":"Serological and blood culture investigations of Nepalese fever patients","volume":"101","author":"Blacksell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"40","article-title":"Clinical and laboratory profile of dengue infection in children","volume":"4","author":"Shah","year":"2006","journal-title":"Kathmandu Univ. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"157","article-title":"First case of Dengue virus infection in Nepal","volume":"6","author":"Pandey","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nepal Med. Coll. J."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S1201-9712(98)90052-2","article-title":"Expansion of epidemic dengue viral infections to Pakistan","volume":"2","author":"Paul","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"301","article-title":"Haemorrhagic Manifestations Associated with Dengue Virus Infection in Nagaland","volume":"4","author":"Baruah","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Commun. Dis."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"613","article-title":"Investigation on an epidemic of dengue in jammu, 1974","volume":"65","author":"Mathew","year":"1977","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"276","article-title":"Epidemiological features of dengue and chikungunya infections in Burma","volume":"6","author":"Thaung","year":"1975","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(52)90093-X","article-title":"Dengue in Northern Assam tea gardens","volume":"46","author":"Birks","year":"1952","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1403.070473","article-title":"Dengue Virus, Nepal","volume":"14","author":"Pandey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1410.080432","article-title":"Identification of all dengue serotypes in Nepal","volume":"14","author":"Malla","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taz105","article-title":"High incidence of dengue in Israel travelers to Kathmandu, Nepal in 2019","volume":"27","author":"Lachish","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Travel Med."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1177\/0049475519848947","article-title":"Seroprevalence of dengue in blood donors in an outbreak: Experience of a blood bank in north India","volume":"49","author":"Jain","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trop. Doct."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_916_18","article-title":"Geographical distribution of primary & secondary dengue cases in India-2017: A cross-sectional multicentric study","volume":"149","author":"Rao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-019-4185-4","article-title":"Climatic factors influencing dengue incidence in an epidemic area of Nepal","volume":"12","author":"Tuladhar","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Res. Notes"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_397_18","article-title":"First outbreak of dengue fever in East Sikkim in Northeastern part of India","volume":"8","author":"Bhutia","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Fam. Med. Prim. care"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4103\/2224-3151.206879","article-title":"Current status of dengue and chikungunya in India","volume":"3","author":"Cecilia","year":"2014","journal-title":"WHO South-East Asia J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.12980\/jclm.3.2015j5-30","article-title":"Dengue fever in Pakistan: Challenges, priorities and measures","volume":"3","author":"Ali","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Coast. Life Med."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.17.1.136-173.2004","article-title":"Global Change and Human Vulnerability to Vector-Borne Diseases","volume":"17","author":"Sutherst","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11887","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1504964112","article-title":"Impact of human mobility on the emergence of dengue epidemics in Pakistan","volume":"112","author":"Wesolowski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dhimal, M., Ahrens, B., and Kuch, U. (2015). Climate change and spatiotemporal distributions of vector-borne diseases in Nepal - A systematic synthesis of literature. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0129869"},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"37","article-title":"A preliminary record of the megarhine and culicine mosquitoes of Nepal with notes on their taxonomy (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"1","author":"Peters","year":"1956","journal-title":"Indian J. Malariol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.3126\/jnhm.v24i1.2298","article-title":"First Record of Aedes aegypti (L.) Vector of Dengue Virus from Kathmandu, Nepal","volume":"24","author":"Gautam","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Nat. Hist. Mus."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003035","article-title":"Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Dengue and Lymphatic Filariasis Vectors along an Altitudinal Transect in Central Nepal","volume":"8","author":"Dhimal","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"124658","article-title":"Dengue fever as an emerging disease in Afghanistan: Epidemiology of the first reported cases","volume":"20","author":"Sahak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Colloids Surfaces A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"1999","article-title":"Exploratory Temporal and Spatial Distribution Analysis of Dengue Notifications in Boa Vista, Roraima, Brazilian Amazon, 1999\u20132001","volume":"27","author":"Tsouris","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dengue Bull."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/S1995-7645(12)60034-0","article-title":"Development of temporal modeling for prediction of dengue infection in Northeastern Thailand","volume":"5","author":"Wongkoon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.4103\/2224-3151.206885","article-title":"Dengue vectors in urban and suburban Assam, India: Entomological observations","volume":"3","author":"Dev","year":"2014","journal-title":"WHO South-East Asia J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lambrechts, L., Paaijmans, K.P., Fansiri, T., Carrington, L.B., Kramer, L.D., Thomas, M.B., and Scott, T.W. (2011). Impact of daily temperature fluctuations on dengue virus transmission by Aedes aegypti. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1\u20136.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1101377108"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.02337","article-title":"Temperature increase enhances Aedes albopictus competence to transmit dengue virus","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60576-6","article-title":"Climate change and health: On the latest IPCC report","volume":"383","author":"Woodward","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1042\/ETLS20180123","article-title":"Climate change and the rising infectiousness of dengue","volume":"3","author":"Tozan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg. Top. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-014-0540-4","article-title":"Species composition, seasonal occurrence, habitat preference and altitudinal distribution of malaria and other disease vectors in eastern Nepal","volume":"7","author":"Dhimal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/18\/6656\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:09:26Z","timestamp":1760177366000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/18\/6656"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,12]]},"references-count":98,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph17186656"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17186656","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,12]]}}}