{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T11:27:47Z","timestamp":1788780467809,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,15]],"date-time":"2020-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600128000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mental health disorders (MHDs) among refugees has been recognized as a major public health issue. However, to date, there is limited evidence on the prevalence of MHDs among Rohingya refugees in Malaysia. This study aimed to examine the prevalence and associated factors of major depressive disorder (MDD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among Rohingya refugees in Malaysia. A total of 220 refugees were randomly selected to participate in this cross-sectional study, conducted from June 2019 to November 2019. Perceived social support, religious orientation, food security, and sociodemographic characteristics were assessed as independent variables. The dependent variables assessed were MDD, GAD, and PTSD. The prevalence of GAD, PTSD, and MDD was reported at 92 (41.8%), 84 (38.2%), and 71 (32.3%). Several factors were significantly associated with MDD following multivariate analysis such as perceived low to moderate social support (AOR = 2.17; 95% CI 1.13, 4.19) and food insecurity (AOR = 2.77; 95% CI 1.19, 6.47). Exposure to violence (AOR = 38.46; 95% CI 16.27, 90.91) and food insecurity (AOR = 3.74; 95% CI 1.41, 9.91) were significantly associated with PTSD. Addressing these risk factors could be key in improving mental health outcomes among this vulnerable population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17186730","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,15]],"date-time":"2020-09-15T20:26:40Z","timestamp":1600201600000},"page":"6730","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Elucidating Mental Health Disorders among Rohingya Refugees: A Malaysian Perspective"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0941-7948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kushilpal","family":"Kaur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad Hatim","family":"Sulaiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chee Kok","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health Service, Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur 50586, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aili Hanim","family":"Hashim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manveen","family":"Kaur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koh Ong","family":"Hui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zuraida Ahmad","family":"Sabki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9322-0472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benedict","family":"Francis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6602-1758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarbhan","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Research (IMR), Ministry of Health, Kuala Lumpur 50588, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesjeet Singh","family":"Gill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.14425\/00.50.24","article-title":"Myanmar\u2019s Rohingya refugees in Malaysia: Education and the way forward","volume":"2","author":"Letchamanan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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