{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T03:38:39Z","timestamp":1785123519326,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":181,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,18]],"date-time":"2020-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600387200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The present review discusses the burden of cryptosporidiosis in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), which is underreported and underestimated. It emphasizes that the Cryptosporidium parasite is infecting inhabitants and expatriates in the Gulf countries. Children under 5 years are a vulnerable group that is particularly affected by this parasitic disease and can act as carriers, who contribute to the epidemiology of the disease most probably via recreational swimming pools. Various risk factors for cryptosporidiosis in the GCC countries are present, including expatriates, predisposing populations to the infection. Water contamination, imported food, animal contact, and air transmission are also discussed in detail, to address their significant role as a source of infection and, thus, their impact on disease epidemiology in the Gulf countries\u2019 populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17186824","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,18]],"date-time":"2020-09-18T10:22:23Z","timestamp":1600424543000},"page":"6824","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Cryptosporidium and Cryptosporidiosis: The Perspective from the Gulf Countries"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0310-8725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shahira A.","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0733-0470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Karanis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Faculty and University Hospital, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, University of Nicosia Medical School, CY-1700 Nicosia 24005, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2019.12.016","article-title":"A one health approach to tackle cryptosporidiosis","volume":"36","author":"Innes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.06.042","article-title":"Evolution of monitoring for Giardia and Cryptosporidium in water","volume":"123","author":"Efstratiou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.07.003","article-title":"Genetic polymorphism in Cryptosporidium species: An update","volume":"165","author":"Plutzer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. 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