{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]],"date-time":"2026-01-03T03:05:40Z","timestamp":1767409540347,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]],"date-time":"2020-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601337600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Birth defects prevalence may vary seasonally, but previous studies have focused on a few commonly occurring phenotypes. We performed a phenome-wide association study (PheWAS) in order to evaluate the associations between season of conception and a broad range of birth defects. Date of conception was estimated for all livebirths and birth defect cases in Texas from 1999\u20132015 using data from vital records, provided by the Texas Department of State Health Services Center for Health Statistics. Birth defects diagnoses were obtained from the Texas Birth Defects Registry, a statewide, active surveillance system. We estimated prevalence ratios (PRs) for phenotypes with \u226550 cases according to conception in spring (March-May), summer (June\u2013August) or fall (September\u2013November) relative to winter (December\u2013February), using Poisson regression. Season of conception was associated with 5% of birth defects studied in models adjusted for maternal age, education, race\/ethnicity, and number of previous livebirths. Specifically, summer conception was associated with any monitored birth defect (PR 1.03, 95% CI 1.02\u20131.04) and five specific phenotypes, most notably Hirschsprung disease (PR 1.46, 95% CI 1.22\u20131.75). These findings suggest that seasonally variable exposures influence the development of several birth defects and may assist in identifying novel environmental risk factors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17197120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]],"date-time":"2020-09-29T08:43:27Z","timestamp":1601369007000},"page":"7120","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["A Comprehensive Assessment of the Associations Between Season of Conception and Birth Defects, Texas, 1999\u20132015"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Elisa","family":"Benavides","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Epidemiology and Population Health, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0978-5863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philip J.","family":"Lupo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Epidemiology and Population Health, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA"},{"name":"Section of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6765-4963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter H.","family":"Langlois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas School of Public Health, Austin, TX 78701, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeremy M.","family":"Schraw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Epidemiology and Population Health, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2020, June 19). 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