{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T20:03:57Z","timestamp":1772136237751,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,7]],"date-time":"2020-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602028800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN275200800013C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN275200800013C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN275200800002I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN275200800002I"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN27500006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN27500006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN275200800003IC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN275200800003IC"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN275200800014C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN275200800014C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN275200800012C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN275200800012C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN275200800028C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN275200800028C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN275201000009C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN275201000009C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Disparities in birthweight by maternal race\/ethnicity are commonly observed. It is unclear to what extent these disparities are correlates of individual socioeconomic factors. In a prospective cohort of 1645 low-risk singleton pregnancies included in the NICHD Fetal Growth Study (2009\u20132013), neonatal anthropometry was measured by trained personnel using a standard protocol. Socioeconomic characteristics included employment status, marital status, health insurance, annual income, and education. Separate adjusted generalized linear models were fit to both test the effect of race\/ethnicity and the interaction of race\/ethnicity and socioeconomic characteristics on neonatal anthropometry. Mean infant birthweight, length, head circumference, and abdominal circumference all differed by race\/ethnicity (p &lt; 0.001). We observed no statistically significant interactions between race\/ethnicity and full-time employment\/student status, marital status, insurance, or education in association with birthweight, neonatal exam weight, length, or head or abdominal circumference at examination. The interaction between income and race\/ethnicity was significant only for abdominal circumference (p = 0.027), with no other significant interactions for other growth parameters, suggesting that racial\/ethnic differences in neonatal anthropometry did not vary by individual socioeconomic factors in low-risk women. Our results do not preclude structural factors, such as lifetime exposure to poverty, as an explanation for racial\/ethnic disparities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17197323","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,7]],"date-time":"2020-10-07T09:12:58Z","timestamp":1602061978000},"page":"7323","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Maternal Socioeconomic Factors and Racial\/Ethnic Differences in Neonatal Anthropometry"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Calvin","family":"Lambert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9877-7931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica L.","family":"Gleason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah J.","family":"Pugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aiyi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alaina","family":"Bever","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William A.","family":"Grobman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roger B.","family":"Newman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deborah","family":"Wing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Irvine, Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of California, Orange, CA 92697, USA"},{"name":"Fountain Valley Regional Hospital and Medical Center, Fountain Valley, CA 92708, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicole M.","family":"Gerlanc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Prospective Group, Arlington, VA 22209, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fasil","family":"Tekola-Ayele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katherine L.","family":"Grantz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2017.07.002","article-title":"Birth outcome racial disparities: A result of intersecting social and environmental factors","volume":"41","author":"Burris","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.08.032","article-title":"Racial\/ethnic standards for fetal growth: The NICHD Fetal Growth Studies","volume":"213","author":"Grewal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.03.030","article-title":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Fetal Growth Studies\u2019 Research Team; Grewal, J. Clarification of estimating fetal weight between 10\u201314 weeks gestation, NICHD fetal growth studies","volume":"217","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2018.05.016","article-title":"Fetal growth velocity: The NICHD fetal growth studies","volume":"219","author":"Grantz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/1047-2797(94)90082-5","article-title":"Associations between measures of socioeconomic status and low birth weight, small for gestational age, and premature delivery in the United States","volume":"4","author":"Parker","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2010.05.012","article-title":"Socioeconomic disparities in adverse birth outcomes: A systematic review","volume":"39","author":"Blumenshine","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S186","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2009.166082","article-title":"Socioeconomic disparities in health in the United States: What the patterns tell us","volume":"100","author":"Braveman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2017.52","article-title":"Body composition at birth and its relationship with neonatal anthropometric ratios: The newborn body composition study of the INTERGROWTH-21(st) project","volume":"82","author":"Villar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.12181","article-title":"Do anthropometric measures accurately reflect body composition in preterm infants?","volume":"12","author":"Ramel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr. Obes."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-012-9213-9","article-title":"Body composition in infants: Evidence for developmental programming and techniques for measurement","volume":"13","author":"Wells","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665107005691","article-title":"Programming of body composition by early growth and nutrition","volume":"66","author":"Wells","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2016.03.003","article-title":"Greater Early Gains in Fat-Free Mass, but Not Fat Mass, Are Associated with Improved Neurodevelopment at 1 Year Corrected Age for Prematurity in Very Low Birth Weight Preterm Infants","volume":"173","author":"Ramel","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyx161","article-title":"Cohort Profile: NICHD Fetal Growth Studies-Singletons and Twins","volume":"47","author":"Grewal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Lohman, T.G., Martorell, R., and Roche, A.F. (1988). Anthropometric Standardization Reference Manual, Human Kinetics Books."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.72.6.520","article-title":"Reliability of infant length measurement","volume":"72","author":"Doull","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1515\/JPEM.2003.16.4.537","article-title":"Measured length of normal term infants changes over the first two days of life","volume":"16","author":"Shinwell","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2006.tb02325.x","article-title":"Reducing discomfort while measuring crown-heel length in neonates","volume":"95","author":"Bergmans","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(95)91348-3","article-title":"Anthropometric estimation of neonatal body composition","volume":"173","author":"Catalano","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"NCHS (2008). National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2007\u20132008: Anthropometry Procedures Manual."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1053\/jpsu.2001.24737","article-title":"The normal position of the umbilicus in the newborn: An aid to improving the cosmetic result in exomphalos major","volume":"36","author":"Williams","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jp.7210754","article-title":"Neonatal anthropometric measurements to predict birth weight by ultrasound","volume":"22","author":"Stetzer","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1515\/JPM.2008.077","article-title":"Sex-specific charts for abdominal circumference in term and near-term Caucasian newborns","volume":"36","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Perinat. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2005.06.002","article-title":"Trunk anthropometry of Hong Kong Chinese infants","volume":"81","author":"Fok","year":"2005","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S27","DOI":"10.1177\/15648265040251S105","article-title":"Measurement and standardization protocols for anthropometry used in the construction of a new international growth reference","volume":"25","author":"Onyango","year":"2004","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"497","article-title":"Intra- and interexaminer reliability of anthropometric measurements of term infants","volume":"24","author":"Johnson","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011393717603","article-title":"Prenatal care utilization among non-Hispanic Whites, African Americans, and Mexican Americans","volume":"5","author":"Frisbie","year":"2001","journal-title":"Matern. Child. Health J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.02.026","article-title":"Do biological, sociodemographic, and behavioral characteristics explain racial\/ethnic disparities in preterm births?","volume":"68","author":"Sparks","year":"2009","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.02.014","article-title":"Association of neighborhood context with offspring risk of preterm birth and low birthweight: A systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based studies","volume":"153","author":"Ncube","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2017.09.018","article-title":"Racial residential segregation and adverse birth outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"191","author":"Mehra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.12062","article-title":"Pregestational body mass index is related to neonatal abdominal circumference at birth\u2014A Danish population-based study","volume":"120","author":"Tanvig","year":"2013","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"209","article-title":"Subcutaneous fat in the fetal abdomen as a predictor of growth restriction","volume":"94","author":"Gardeil","year":"1999","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2012.300782","article-title":"Housing transitions and low birth weight among low-income women: Longitudinal study of the perinatal consequences of changing public housing policy","volume":"102","author":"Kramer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022537516969","article-title":"Racial and ethnic disparities in birth outcomes: A life-course perspective","volume":"7","author":"Lu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Matern Child. Health J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2016.39","article-title":"Age at adiposity rebound: Determinants and association with nutritional status and the metabolic syndrome at adulthood","volume":"40","author":"Peneau","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes. (Lond)"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12137","article-title":"Maternal life course socio-economic position and offspring body composition at birth in a multi-ethnic population","volume":"28","author":"Sletner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2017.08.003","article-title":"Neighborhood context and birth outcomes: Going beyond neighborhood disadvantage, incorporating affluence","volume":"3","author":"Kane","year":"2017","journal-title":"SSM Popul. Health"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2879","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.294.22.2879","article-title":"Socioeconomic status in health research: One size does not fit all","volume":"294","author":"Braveman","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"62","article-title":"Closing the Black-White gap in birth outcomes: A life-course approach","volume":"20","author":"Lu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ethn. Dis."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2018.09.017","article-title":"Associations among maternal socioeconomic status in childhood and pregnancy and hair cortisol in pregnancy","volume":"99","author":"Sideridis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.567","article-title":"Variants in ADCY5 and near CCNL1 are associated with fetal growth and birth weight","volume":"42","author":"Freathy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1399","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-0665","article-title":"Variations in low birth weight and preterm delivery among blacks in relation to ancestry and nativity: New York City, 1998\u20132002","volume":"118","author":"Howard","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tekola-Ayele, F., Workalemahu, T., and Amare, A.T. (2018). High burden of birthweight-lowering genetic variants in Africans and Asians. BMC Med., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-018-1061-3"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/19\/7323\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:17:11Z","timestamp":1760177831000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/19\/7323"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,7]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph17197323"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17197323","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,7]]}}}