{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T19:35:54Z","timestamp":1790796954191,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,12]],"date-time":"2020-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602460800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic is a great threat to both physical and mental health as it may lead to psychological stress connected with an economic crisis, threat of unemployment, or fear of losing family members. Emerging data shows that the general public may be vulnerable to the pandemic-related stress and experience frequently prevalent anxiety. A study involving 471 subjects (85.6% female) was conducted online during the COVID-19 pandemic. We used the following scales: Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Revised University of California, Los Angeles (R-UCLA) Loneliness Scale, and Daily Life Fatigue scale (DLF). Women had higher mean scores of depression, loneliness, and daily life fatigue and more often than males started exercising. Among people professionally active before the pandemic, there were more cases of increased alcohol consumption than among students. No differences in alcohol consumption patterns were found between genders. People living alone had higher scores of loneliness and daily life fatigue compared to those living with someone. Respondents who started taking any new drugs during COVID-19 home confinement had higher outcomes in all questionnaires. During home confinement, high scores of depression, insomnia, loneliness, and everyday fatigue were observed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17207417","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,13]],"date-time":"2020-10-13T22:02:02Z","timestamp":1602626522000},"page":"7417","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":131,"title":["Mental Well-Being (Depression, Loneliness, Insomnia, Daily Life Fatigue) during COVID-19 Related Home-Confinement\u2014A Study from Poland"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6840-7320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian","family":"Bartoszek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 90-001 Lodz, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8874-2401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dariusz","family":"Walkowiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organization and Management in Health Care Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-356 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0974-0761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Bartoszek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine and Community Nursing, Medical University of Lublin, 20-081 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3279-6133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Kardas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Internal Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, 90-001 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2020, June 08). World Health Organization Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Situation Report-125. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/docs\/default-source\/coronaviruse\/situation-reports\/20200524-covid-19-sitrep-125.pdf?sfvrsn=80e7d7f0_2."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2020, June 08). Milken Institute COVID-19 Treatment and Vaccine Tracker. Available online: https:\/\/covid-19tracker.milkeninstitute.org\/."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113190","article-title":"The Psychological and Mental Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) on Medical Staff and General Public\u2014A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"291","author":"Luo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-019-0950-1","article-title":"Social integration and mental health - A decomposition approach to mental health inequalities between the foreign-born and native-born in Sweden","volume":"18","author":"Brydsten","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Equity Health"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hutton, K., Nyholm, M., Nygren, J.M., and Svedberg, P. (2014). Self-rated mental health and socio-economic background: A study of adolescents in Sweden. BMC Public Health, 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-394"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.1337","article-title":"Associations between subjective social status and DSM-IV mental disorders results from theworld mental health surveys","volume":"71","author":"Scott","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1159\/000107563","article-title":"Increased 12-Month Prevalence Rates of Mental Disorders in Patients with Chronic Somatic Diseases","volume":"76","author":"Baumeister","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychother. Psychosom."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2017.10.016","article-title":"Gene-environment interaction and psychiatric disorders: Review and future directions","volume":"77","author":"Assary","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112954","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.112954","article-title":"Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: A web-based cross-sectional survey","volume":"288","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.05.026","article-title":"Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and insomnia among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"88","author":"Pappa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain. Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00306","article-title":"Survey of Insomnia and Related Social Psychological Factors Among Medical Staff Involved in the 2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease Outbreak","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.05.040","article-title":"Mental health consequences during the initial stage of the 2020 Coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) in Spain","volume":"87","author":"Castellanos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.579985","article-title":"The effect of COVID-19 on mental health and wellbeing in a representative sample of Australian adults","volume":"11","author":"Dawel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30308-4","article-title":"Mental health before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: A longitudinal probability sample survey of the UK population","volume":"7","author":"Pierce","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1159\/000507639","article-title":"Mental Health and Psychosocial Problems of Medical Health Workers during the COVID-19 Epidemic in China","volume":"89","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychother. Psychosom."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vindegaard, N., and Eriksen Benros, M. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic and mental health consequences: Systematic review of the current evidence. Brain. Behav. Immun.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.05.048"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113076","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113076","article-title":"Insomnia during the COVID-19 pandemic in a Greek population","volume":"289","author":"Voitsidis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.05.027","article-title":"Psychopathological responses and face mask restrictions during the COVID-19 outbreak: Results from a nationwide survey","volume":"87","author":"Szczesniak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain. Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30168-1","article-title":"Multidisciplinary research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic: A call for action for mental health science","volume":"7","author":"Holmes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389-9457(00)00065-4","article-title":"Validation of the insomnia severity index as an outcome measure for insomnia research","volume":"2","author":"Bastien","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.26444\/monz\/89532","article-title":"Occurrence of sleep disorders among nursing staff. Med","volume":"24","author":"Andrzejewska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Og\u00f3lna i Nauki o Zdrowiu"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004","article-title":"An Inventory for Measuring Depression","volume":"4","author":"Beck","year":"1961","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"71","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the polish version of the aaron t. beck\u2019s depression inventory bdi-ii","volume":"19","author":"Zawadzki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychol. Etol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1037\/a0036980","article-title":"Nonlinear dynamical models in psychology are widespread and testable","volume":"69","author":"Guastello","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.5114\/cipp.2017.69681","article-title":"Analysis of the psychometric properties of the Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale in a Polish adolescent sample","volume":"6","author":"Kwiatkowska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Personal. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Urba\u0144ska, J. (2010). Zm\u0119czenie \u017byciem Codziennym, Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydzia\u0142u Nauk Spo\u0142ecznych Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-020-00589-w","article-title":"Prevalence of stress, anxiety, depression among the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Salari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.8524","article-title":"Insomnia and psychological reactions during the COVID-19 outbreak in China","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"i2123","article-title":"Advances in the management of chronic insomnia","volume":"354","author":"Attarian","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"101","article-title":"The impact of glucocorticoids and statins on sleep quality Sleep","volume":"55","author":"Szmyd","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.05.080","article-title":"COVID-19 anxiety symptoms associated with problematic smartphone use severity in Chinese adults","volume":"274","author":"Elhai","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2020.06.193","article-title":"COVID-19 fatalities, latitude, sunlight, and vitamin D","volume":"48","author":"Whittemore","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Infect. Control"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.05.011","article-title":"The enemy who sealed the world: Effects quarantine due to the COVID-19 on sleep quality, anxiety, and psychological distress in the Italian population","volume":"75","author":"Casagrande","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13052","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13052","article-title":"Dealing with sleep problems during home confinement due to the COVID-19 outbreak: Practical recommendations from a task force of the European CBT-I Academy","volume":"29","author":"Altena","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113098","article-title":"Psychological Outcomes Associated with Stay-at-Home Orders and the Perceived Impact of COVID-19 on Daily Life","volume":"289","author":"Tull","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Losda-Baltar, A., Jim\u00e9nez-Gonzalo, L., Gallego-Alberto, L., Pedroso-Chaparro, M.D.S., Fernandes-Pires, J., and M\u00e1rquez-Gonz\u00e1lez, M. (2020). \u201cWe\u2019re Staying at Home\u201d. Association of Self-Perceptions of Aging, Personal and Family Resources and Loneliness With Psychological Distress During the Lock-Down Period of COVID-19. J. Gerontol. B Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci., gbaa048.","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbaa048"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"1","article-title":"Incorporating issues of Elderly Loneliness into the COVID-19 Public Health Response","volume":"7","author":"Patel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Disaster Med. Public Health Prep."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-020-1366-8","article-title":"Loneliness and Social Isolation in Older Adults During the Covid-19 Pandemic: Implications for Gerontological Social Work","volume":"24","author":"Morley","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health. Aging"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.16553","article-title":"Using Telehealth Groups to Combat Loneliness in Older Adults Through COVID-19","volume":"68","author":"Zubatsky","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morgul, E., Bener, A., Atak, M., Akyel, S., Akta\u015f, S., Bhugra, D., Ventriglio, A., and Jordan, T.R. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic and psychological fatigue in Turkey. Int. J. Soc. Psychiatry.","DOI":"10.1177\/0020764020941889"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e259","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(20)30088-8","article-title":"Alcohol use and misuse during the COVID-19 pandemic: A potential public health crisis?","volume":"5","author":"Clay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"m1987","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1987","article-title":"Covid-19 and alcohol\u2014A dangerous cocktail","volume":"20","author":"Finlay","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113046","article-title":"Danger in danger: Interpersonal violence during COVID-19 quarantine","volume":"289","author":"Mazza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Epstein, D., Andrawis, W., Lipsky, A.M., Ziad, H.A., and Matan, M. (2020). Anxiety and Suicidality in a Hospitalized Patient with COVID-19 Infection. Eur. J. Case Rep. Intern. Med., 7.","DOI":"10.12890\/2020_001651"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/20\/7417\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:19:47Z","timestamp":1760177987000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/20\/7417"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,12]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph17207417"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17207417","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,12]]}}}