{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:19:50Z","timestamp":1760239190435,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,15]],"date-time":"2020-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602720000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Vrije University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands","award":["grant: UNIN Health Project under VUA Foundation funds"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant: UNIN Health Project under VUA Foundation funds"]}]},{"name":"University of Limpopo","award":["URD2002050400168"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["URD2002050400168"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Evidence is lacking on the effects of binge alcohol consumption on metabolic syndrome in the rural South African population. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between binge drinking and components of metabolic syndrome (MetS) amongst Ellisras rural young adults aged 21 to 31 years who are part of the Ellisras Longitudinal Study. Methods: Logistic regression analysis was applied to a total of 624 participants (306 males and 318 females) aged 21 to 31 years who took part in the Ellisras Longitudinal Study (ELS). The model was adjusted for covariates, including smoking, age, and gender. Binge alcohol consumption was assessed using a standardised questionnaire that was validated for the Ellisras rural community. A standardised method of determining the components MetS was used after fasting blood samples were collected from all the participants. Results: Binge drinking remained significantly associated with low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (OR = 2.64, 95% CI = 1.23\u20135.65), after being adjusted for smoking, age, and gender. Other MetS components were not predicted. Instead, gender remained significantly associated with all MetS components, except triglycerides, at multivariate analysis. Age retained significance at multivariate analysis with waist girth (OR = 2.13, 95% CI = 1.37\u20133.34), triglycerides (OR = 2.30, 95% CI = 1.05\u20135.02), and the MetS composite (OR = 1.65, 95% CI = 1.12\u20132.41). Conclusion: Binge drinking was significantly associated with lower levels of HDL-C. Future studies should investigate the relationship between alcohol abuse and the components of incident MetS in this population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17207484","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,15]],"date-time":"2020-10-15T09:02:03Z","timestamp":1602752523000},"page":"7484","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Relationship between Binge Drinking and Metabolic Syndrome Components amongst Young Adults Aged 21 to 31 Years: Ellisras Longitudinal Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Kotsedi Daniel","family":"Monyeki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Environmental Health, University of Limpopo, Sovenga 0727, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hlengani James","family":"Siweya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Executive Dean Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Limpopo, Sovenga 0727, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8330-9227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Han C. G.","family":"Kemper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, 1218 HD Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5183-131X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andre P.","family":"Kengne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South African Medical Research Council, Francie van Zijl Drive, Parow Valley, Cape Town 7505, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Geofrey","family":"Musinguzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Disease Control and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala 7072, Uganda"},{"name":"Department of Primary and Interdisciplinary Care, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mbelegem Rosina","family":"Nkwana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Environmental Health, University of Limpopo, Sovenga 0727, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8577-9126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tebogo","family":"Mothiba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Science, University of Limpopo, Sovenga 0727, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tumiso","family":"Malatji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health, Polokwane Provincial Hospital, Polokwane 0700, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shisana M.-A.","family":"Baloyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Posbus 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1036-7458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rambelani","family":"Malema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Limpopo, Polokwane 0700, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5861-289X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lloyd","family":"Leach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport, Recreation and Exercise Science, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4522-0325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moloko","family":"Matshipi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Environmental Health, University of Limpopo, Sovenga 0727, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9236-9443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramakgahlela Betty","family":"Sebati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Environmental Health, University of Limpopo, Sovenga 0727, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5614-0078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohlago Ablonia","family":"Seloka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Environmental Health, University of Limpopo, Sovenga 0727, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eliot","family":"Sibuyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Environmental Health, University of Limpopo, Sovenga 0727, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suzan Mafoloa","family":"Monyeki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Environmental Health, University of Limpopo, Sovenga 0727, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2014.01.134","article-title":"Association of bi-functional activity in the N-terminal domain of glycogen debranching enzyme","volume":"445","author":"Lan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochem. 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