{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T05:33:30Z","timestamp":1781156010769,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,16]],"date-time":"2020-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602806400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["71974156"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["71974156"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019M663771"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019M663771"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Central University Basic Research Fund","award":["xjh012019057"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["xjh012019057"]}]},{"name":"the Central University Basic Research Fund","award":["2015qngz05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015qngz05"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Overuse of antibiotics has caused a series of global problems, especially in the underdeveloped western regions where healthcare systems are fragile. We used antibiotic procurement data of all healthcare institutions to analyze the total amount, patterns and trends of antibiotic use in Shaanxi Province, western China between 2015 and 2018. Antibiotic utilization was quantified using the standard Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC)\/Defined daily dose (DDD) methodology. The World Health Organization\u2019s \u201cAccess, Watch and Reserve\u201d (AWaRe) classification and European Surveillance of Antimicrobial Consumption (ESAC) drug-specific quality indicators were also adopted to evaluate the appropriateness and quality of antibiotic utilization. Overall, antibiotic consumption decreased from 11.20 DID in 2015 to 10.13 DID (DDDs per 1000 inhabitants per day) in 2016, then increased to 12.99 DID in 2018. The top three antibiotic categories consumed in 2018 were J01C (penicillins) 33.58%, J01D (cephalosporins) 29.76%, and J01F (macrolides) 19.14%. Parenteral antibiotics accounted for 27.41% of the total consumption. The largest proportion of antibiotic use was observed in primary healthcare institutions in rural areas, which accounts for 51.67% of total use. Consumption of the Access group, the Watch group, the Reserve group of antibiotics was 40.31%, 42.28% and 0.11%, respectively. Concurrently, the consumption of J01D and the percentage of J01 (DD + DE) (third and fourth generation cephalosporins) were at a poor level according to the evaluation of ESAC quality indicators. The total antibiotic consumption in Shaanxi Province had been on an upward trend, and the patterns of antibiotic use were not justified enough to conclude that it was rational. This is partly because there was high preference for the third and fourth generation cephalosporins and for the Watch group antibiotics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17207536","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,16]],"date-time":"2020-10-16T08:56:48Z","timestamp":1602838608000},"page":"7536","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Analysis of Antibiotic Use Patterns and Trends Based on Procurement Data of Healthcare Institutions in Shaanxi Province, Western China, 2015\u20132018"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Sen","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710000, China"},{"name":"Center for Drug Safety and Policy Research, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710000, China"},{"name":"Shaanxi Center for Health Reform and Development Research, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710000, China"},{"name":"Research Institute for Drug Safety and Monitoring, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, China\u2019s Western Technological Innovation Harbor, Xi\u2019an 710000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengfang","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710000, China"},{"name":"Center for Drug Safety and Policy Research, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710000, China"},{"name":"Shaanxi Center for Health Reform and Development Research, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710000, China"},{"name":"Research Institute for Drug Safety and Monitoring, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, China\u2019s Western Technological Innovation Harbor, Xi\u2019an 710000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7327-2715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John Alimamy","family":"Kabba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710000, China"},{"name":"Center for Drug Safety and Policy Research, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710000, China"},{"name":"Shaanxi Center for Health Reform and Development Research, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710000, China"},{"name":"Research Institute for Drug Safety and Monitoring, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, China\u2019s Western Technological Innovation Harbor, Xi\u2019an 710000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710000, China"},{"name":"Center for Drug Safety and Policy Research, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710000, China"},{"name":"Shaanxi Center for Health Reform and Development Research, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710000, China"},{"name":"Research Institute for Drug Safety and Monitoring, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, China\u2019s Western Technological Innovation Harbor, Xi\u2019an 710000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenchen","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710000, China"},{"name":"Center for Drug Safety and Policy Research, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710000, China"},{"name":"Shaanxi Center for Health Reform and Development Research, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710000, China"},{"name":"Research Institute for Drug Safety and Monitoring, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, China\u2019s Western Technological Innovation Harbor, Xi\u2019an 710000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7296-8641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710000, China"},{"name":"Center for Drug Safety and Policy Research, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710000, China"},{"name":"Shaanxi Center for Health Reform and Development Research, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710000, China"},{"name":"Research Institute for Drug Safety and Monitoring, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, China\u2019s Western Technological Innovation Harbor, Xi\u2019an 710000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710000, China"},{"name":"Center for Drug Safety and Policy Research, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710000, China"},{"name":"Shaanxi Center for Health Reform and Development Research, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710000, China"},{"name":"Research Institute for Drug Safety and Monitoring, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, China\u2019s Western Technological Innovation Harbor, Xi\u2019an 710000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)17907-0","article-title":"Outpatient antibiotic use in Europe 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