{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T14:09:42Z","timestamp":1792505382917,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,18]],"date-time":"2020-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602979200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a standard treatment for cholelithiasis. In situations where laparoscopic cholecystectomy is dangerous, a surgeon may be forced to change from laparoscopy to an open procedure. Data from the literature shows that 2 to 15% of laparoscopic cholecystectomies are converted to open surgery during surgery for various reasons. The aim of this study was to identify the risk factors for the conversion of laparoscopic cholecystectomy to open surgery. A retrospective analysis of medical records and operation protocols was performed. The study group consisted of 263 patients who were converted into open surgery during laparoscopic surgery, and 264 randomly selected patients in the control group. Conversion risk factors were assessed using logistic regression analysis that modeled the probability of a certain event as a function of independent factors. Statistically significant factors in the regression model with all explanatory variables were age, emergency treatment, acute cholecystitis, peritoneal adhesions, chronic cholecystitis, and inflammatory infiltration. The use of predictive risk assessments or nomograms can be the most helpful tool for risk stratification in a clinical scenario. With such predictive tools, clinicians can optimize care based on the known risk factors for the conversion, and patients can be better informed about the risks of their surgery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17207571","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,18]],"date-time":"2020-10-18T21:26:06Z","timestamp":1603056366000},"page":"7571","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["The Analysis of Risk Factors in the Conversion from Laparoscopic to Open Cholecystectomy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"\u0141ukasz","family":"Warcha\u0142owski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Clinical Regional Hospital No. 2 in Rzesz\u00f3w, 35-301 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4619-7705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edyta","family":"\u0141uszczki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health Sciences, Medical College of Rzesz\u00f3w University, 35-959 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2359-7818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Bartosiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health Sciences, Medical College of Rzesz\u00f3w University, 35-959 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0977-5844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Dere\u0144","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health Sciences, Medical College of Rzesz\u00f3w University, 35-959 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Warcha\u0142owska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NZOZ Primadent in Rzesz\u00f3w, 35-301 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0589-0554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0141ukasz","family":"Oleksy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic and Rehabilitation Department, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warszawa, Poland"},{"name":"Oleksy Medical &amp; Sports Sciences, 37-100 \u0141a\u0144cut, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Artur","family":"Stolarczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic and Rehabilitation Department, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warszawa, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Podlasek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Clinical Regional Hospital No. 2 in Rzesz\u00f3w, 35-301 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Surgery with the Trauma and Orthopedic Division, District Hospital in Strzy\u017c\u00f3w, 38-100 Strzy\u017c\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2005.41214.x","article-title":"Strong association between gallstones and cardiovascular disease","volume":"100","author":"Ramos","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. 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