{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T17:41:22Z","timestamp":1787161282624,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,23]],"date-time":"2020-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603411200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports of Spain under the program \u201cAyudas para la formaci\u00f3n de profesorado universitario\u201d","award":["FPU17\/02607"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FPU17\/02607"]}]},{"name":"The consolidation and structuring of competitive research units and other promotional actions in the universities of the SUG","award":["GRC 2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GRC 2018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Dark Triad traits (DT; Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and narcissism) have been repeatedly labeled as a constellation of traits that are characterized by a dishonest and self-focused approach to interpersonal relations. Personality psychologists suggest that these traits make some people more susceptible than others to intergroup bias, threat, and aggression. Thus, in order to delve into a psychological profile prone to accepting and justifying sexist attitudes, the aims of the current study were to analyze the presence of DT and sexist attitudes in a sample of 367 adolescents (Mage = 15.12, SD = 0.88; 50.1% males), find out the relationships that DT has with both hostile and benevolent sexism, and analyze the relevant differences between sexes in these relationships. The results indicated higher scores in DT and Ambivalent sexism for males. The correlations of Machiavellianism with psychopathy, and psychopathy with narcissism revealed significantly higher associations in males than females. The structural equation modeling of the bifactorial model, characterized by a global latent factor that encompasses the common characteristics of DT\u2014along with the three specific factors of Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and narcissism\u2014showed that the global latent factor of DT was related to both hostile and benevolent sexism in males and females. Singularly, narcissism was related to benevolent sexism in males, and psychopathy was related to hostile sexism in females. Finally, this research discusses the implications of these results on the implementation of positive models of interpersonal relationships in adolescence towards dating violence prevention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17217754","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,23]],"date-time":"2020-10-23T08:59:28Z","timestamp":1603443568000},"page":"7754","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Associations between Dark Triad and Ambivalent Sexism: Sex Differences among Adolescents"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3759-0860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Patricia","family":"Navas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Politic Science and Sociology, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2162-8281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorena","family":"Maneiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, 2333 AK Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8605-6694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olalla","family":"Cutr\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"},{"name":"Global Center for Applied Health Research, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9140-1533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose Antonio","family":"G\u00f3mez-Fraguela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Sobral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Politic Science and Sociology, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"INE (2020, July 07). Estad\u00edstica de Violencia Dom\u00e9stica y Violencia de G\u00e9nero [Statistics on Domestic and Gender Violence]; Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica: Madrid. Available online: https:\/\/www.ine.es\/prensa\/np972.pdf."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.6018\/iQual.301161","article-title":"Conocimientos, actitudes y pr\u00e1cticas de adolescentes espa\u00f1oles sobre la violencia de pareja","volume":"1","author":"Bravo","year":"2018","journal-title":"iQual. Revista G\u00e9nero Igualdad"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Pe\u00f1a, E.M., Ramos, E., Luz\u00f3n, J.M., and Recio, P. (2020, July 07). Sexismo y violencia de g\u00e9nero en la juventud andaluza: Resultados y recomendaciones [Sexism and gender violence in Andalusian youth: Results and recommendations]; Consejer\u00eda para la Igualdad y Bienestar Social de la Junta de Andaluc\u00eda: Sevilla, Spain. Available online: https:\/\/www.observatoriodelainfancia.es\/oia\/esp\/documentos_ficha.aspx?id=3400."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.2307\/2090276","article-title":"Attitude Organization and Change: An Analysis of Consistency Among Attitude Components","volume":"26","author":"Newcomb","year":"1961","journal-title":"Am. Sociol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Allport, G.W. (1954). The Nature of Prejudice, Addison-Wesley."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.70.3.491","article-title":"The Ambivalent Sexism Inventory: Differentiating hostile and benevolent sexism","volume":"70","author":"Glick","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2017.10.001","article-title":"What\u2019s (not) underpinning ambivalent sexism?: Revisiting the roles of ideology, religiosity, personality, demographics, and men\u2019s facial hair in explaining hostile and benevolent sexism","volume":"122","author":"Hellmer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pers. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"47","article-title":"Adolescent dating violence related factors: A critical review","volume":"25","author":"Carrasco","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anu. Psicol. Jur\u00eddica"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2009.05.015","article-title":"Benevolent and Hostile Sexism and preferences for romantic partners","volume":"47","author":"Travaglia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pers. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-006-9079-y","article-title":"Sexism, Vocational Goals, and Motivation as Predictors of Men\u2019s and Women\u2019s Career Choice","volume":"55","author":"Fernandez","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sex Roles"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1111\/ap.12283","article-title":"Does the Dark Triad Predict Prejudice?: The Role of Machiavellianism, Psychopathy, and Narcissism in Explaining Negativity Toward Asylum Seekers","volume":"53","author":"Anderson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aust. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1027\/1614-0001\/a000043","article-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Factors Explaining Sexism","volume":"32","author":"Akrami","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-017-0937-1","article-title":"The Exploitive Mating Strategy of the Dark Triad Traits: Tests of Rape-Enabling Attitudes","volume":"46","author":"Jonason","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Sex. Behav."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-6566(02)00505-6","article-title":"The Dark Triad of personality: Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy","volume":"36","author":"Paulhus","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Res. Pers."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1111\/spc3.12018","article-title":"The Dark Triad of Personality: A 10 Year Review","volume":"7","author":"Furnham","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soc. Pers. Psychol. Compass"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1037\/a0027914","article-title":"The Antihero in Popular Culture: Life History Theory and the Dark Triad Personality Traits","volume":"16","author":"Jonason","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. Gen. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2014.06.038","article-title":"What a tangled web we weave: The Dark Triad traits and deception","volume":"70","author":"Jonason","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pers. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691616666070","article-title":"The Malevolent Side of Human Nature","volume":"12","author":"Muris","year":"2017","journal-title":"Perspect. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2019.109728","article-title":"How much of the dark triad is accounted for by sexism?","volume":"154","author":"Gluck","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pers. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.31820\/pt.26.1.8","article-title":"Women\u2019s Race-and Sex-Based Social Attitudes","volume":"26","author":"Jonason","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psihol. Teme"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1080\/00224490609552311","article-title":"Gender differences in the enactment of sociosexuality: An examination of implicit social motives, sexual fantasies, coercive sexual attitudes, and aggressive sexual behavior","volume":"43","author":"Yost","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Sex. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2011.06.025","article-title":"Mate-selection and the Dark Triad: Facilitating a short-term mating strategy and creating a volatile environment","volume":"51","author":"Jonason","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pers. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2015.06.021","article-title":"The Dark Triad and dispositional aggression","volume":"86","author":"Jones","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pers. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721419838233","article-title":"A Critical Appraisal of the Dark-Triad Literature and Suggestions for Moving Forward","volume":"28","author":"Miller","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1002\/per.1939","article-title":"Narcissism and Empathy in Young Offenders and Non-offenders","volume":"28","author":"Hepper","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pers."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2015.11.023","article-title":"The Dark Triad traits through the lens of Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory","volume":"90","author":"Jonason","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pers. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"32","article-title":"Socialized\/subclinical psychopaths in intimate partner relationships: Profile, psychological abuse and risk factors","volume":"34","author":"Pozueco","year":"2013","journal-title":"Papeles del Psicol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260513506053","article-title":"The Associations Among Dark Personalities and Sexual Tactics Across Different Scenarios","volume":"29","author":"Jones","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Interpers. Violence"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2016.02.011","article-title":"Psychopathic personality traits predict positive attitudes toward sexually predatory behaviors in college men and women","volume":"94","author":"Marcus","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pers. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Horowitz, L.M., and Strack, S. (2011). Differentiating the Dark Triad within the interpersonal circumplex. Handbook of Interpersonal Psychology: Theory, Research, Assessment, and Therapeutic Interventions, Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1027\/1614-0001\/a000274","article-title":"Pursuing the Dark Triad","volume":"40","author":"Maneiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S1697-2600(13)70004-8","article-title":"\u00c1ngeles Interactive effects of personality and separation as acculturation style on adolescent antisocial behaviour","volume":"13","author":"Sobral","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"World Medical Association (2013). Declaration of Helsinki. JAMA, 20, 2191\u20132194.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.281053"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1037\/a0019265","article-title":"The dirty dozen: A concise measure of the dark triad","volume":"22","author":"Jonason","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"537","article-title":"Elaboraci\u00f3n y validaci\u00f3n del Inventario de Sexismo Ambivalente para adolescentes [Elaboration and validation of the Inventory of Ambivalent Sexism for adolescents]","volume":"8","author":"Castillo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Byrne, B.M. (2012). Structural Equation Modeling with Mplus: Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming, Taylor & Francis.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203807644"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327906mbr2102_5","article-title":"Moral Evaluation and Dimensions of Violence","volume":"21","author":"West","year":"1986","journal-title":"Multivar. Behav. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2018.11.038","article-title":"A person-centered view of prejudice: The Big Five, Dark Triad, and prejudice","volume":"139","author":"Koehn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pers. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1174\/021347413806196708","article-title":"La fiabilidad y validez de la escala de mitos hacia el amor: Las creencias de los y las adolescentes","volume":"28","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Psicol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"D\u00edaz-Aguado, M.J., and Mart\u00ednez-Arias, R. (2001). La Construcci\u00f3n de la Igualdad y la Prevenci\u00f3n de la Violencia Contra la Mujer Desde la Educaci\u00f3n Secundaria [The Construction of Equality and the Prevention of Violence Against Women from Secondary Education], Instituto de la Mujer."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"1","article-title":"Gender Differences in the Influence of Parenting on Youth Antisocial Behavior through Deviant Peers","volume":"20","author":"Sobral","year":"2017","journal-title":"Span. J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2009.11.003","article-title":"The costs and benefits of the Dark Triad: Implications for mate poaching and mate retention tactics","volume":"48","author":"Jonason","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pers. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2016.04.025","article-title":"Drop the bad attitude! Narcissism predicts acceptance of violent behaviour","volume":"98","author":"Blinkhorn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pers. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"253","article-title":"La tr\u00edada oscura de la personalidad: Maquiavelismo, narcisismo y psicopat\u00eda. Una mirada evolutiva [The dark triad of personality: Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy. An evolutionary look]","volume":"57","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Crim."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"381","article-title":"Perfiles de sexismo en la ciudad de M\u00e9xico: Validaci\u00f3n del cuestionario de medici\u00f3n del sexismo ambivalente [Sexism profile in Mexico City: Validation of the Scale of Ambivalent Sexism]","volume":"10","author":"Cruz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ense\u00f1anza Investig. Psicol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/21\/7754\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:26:53Z","timestamp":1760178413000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/21\/7754"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,23]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph17217754"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17217754","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,23]]}}}