{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T08:34:24Z","timestamp":1792139664788,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":169,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,24]],"date-time":"2020-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003407","name":"Ministero dell\u2019Istruzione, dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["B62F15001070005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B62F15001070005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, the presence in the environment of chemical compounds with thyroid-disrupting effects is progressively increased. This phenomenon has risen concern for human health as the preservation of thyroid system homeostasis is essential for fetal development and for maintaining psychological and physiological wellbeing. An increasing number of studies explored the role of different classes of toxicants in the occurrence and severity of thyroid diseases, but large epidemiological studies are limited and only a few animal or in vitro studies have attempted to identify the mechanisms of chemical action. Recently, epigenetic changes such as alteration of methylation status or modification of non-coding RNAs have been suggested as correlated to possible deleterious effects leading to different thyroid disorders in susceptible individuals. This review aims to analyze the epigenetic alterations putatively induced by chemical exposures and involved in the onset of frequent thyroid diseases such as thyroid cancer, autoimmune thyroiditis and disruption of fetal thyroid homeostasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17217787","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,26]],"date-time":"2020-10-26T02:34:54Z","timestamp":1603679694000},"page":"7787","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["New Insights into Mechanisms of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals in Thyroid Diseases: The Epigenetic Way"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8660-9516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Letizia","family":"Pitto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4619-6227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Gorini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3459-9301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Bianchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Guzzolino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, 56124 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2009-0002","article-title":"Endocrine-disrupting chemicals: An endocrine society scientific statement","volume":"30","author":"Bourguignon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(20)30129-7","article-title":"Endocrine-disrupting chemicals: Implications for human health","volume":"8","author":"Kahn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.09.005","article-title":"Thyroid effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals","volume":"355","author":"Boas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scr.2014.07.001","article-title":"Thyroid hormone action in postnatal heart development","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.678326","article-title":"Thyroid disease and the heart","volume":"116","author":"Klein","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2016.174","article-title":"Thyroid hormones and cardiovascular disease","volume":"14","author":"Jabbar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2011.11.005","article-title":"Developmental thyroid hormone disruption: Prevalence, environmental contaminants and neurodevelopmental consequences","volume":"33","author":"Gilbert","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2012.01.004","article-title":"Thyroid disorders during pregnancy","volume":"96","author":"Yazbeck","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R87","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-14-0025","article-title":"Thyroid hormones in fetal growth and prepartum maturation","volume":"221","author":"Forhead","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R11","DOI":"10.1677\/JME-10-0053","article-title":"Epigenetics meets endocrinology","volume":"46","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2145","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.956839","article-title":"Epigenetic modifications: Basic mechanisms and role in cardiovascular disease","volume":"123","author":"Handy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.112.146704","article-title":"Long noncoding RNAs: Past, present, and future","volume":"193","author":"Kung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11233","article-title":"Landscape of transcription in human cells","volume":"489","author":"Djebali","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpendmet1026","article-title":"The role of the placenta in thyroid hormone delivery to the fetus","volume":"5","author":"Chan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Clin. Pract. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2011.02.002","article-title":"Delivery of maternal thyroid hormones to the fetus","volume":"22","author":"Patel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.2008.01733.x","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental and neurophysiological actions of thyroid hormone","volume":"20","author":"Williams","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2015.09.070","article-title":"Influence of maternal thyroid hormones during gestation on fetal brain development","volume":"342","author":"Moog","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6126","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2012-1753","article-title":"Expression and function of thyroid hormone transporters in the microvillous plasma membrane of human term placental syncytiotrophoblast","volume":"153","author":"Vasilopoulou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198907063210103","article-title":"Maternal-fetal transfer of thyroxine in congenital hypothyroidism due to a total organification defect or thyroid agenesis","volume":"321","author":"Vulsma","year":"1989","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.4.8434","article-title":"Fetal tissues are exposed to biologically relevant free thyroxine concentrations during early phases of development","volume":"87","author":"Calvo","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199102213240805","article-title":"Maturation of the secretion of thyroid hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone in the fetus","volume":"324","author":"Nicolaides","year":"1991","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwt141","article-title":"Maternal and cord-blood thyroid hormone levels and exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls during early pregnancy","volume":"178","author":"Abdelouahab","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"342189","article-title":"Do thyroid disrupting chemicals influence foetal development during pregnancy?","volume":"2011","author":"Boas","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Thyroid Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2003.01822.x","article-title":"Maternal hypothyroxinaemia during early pregnancy and subsequent child development: A 3-year follow-up study","volume":"59","author":"Pop","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.)"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2008.0341","article-title":"Delayed neurobehavioral development in children born to pregnant women with mild hypothyroxinemia during the first month of gestation: The importance of early iodine supplementation","volume":"19","author":"Berbel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-009-1105-1","article-title":"Overt and subclinical thyroid dysfunction among Indian pregnant women and its effect on maternal and fetal outcome","volume":"281","author":"Sahu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, S., Park, J., Kim, H.J., Lee, J.J., Choi, G., Choi, S., Kim, S., Kim, S.Y., Moon, H.B., and Kim, S. (2015). Association between several persistent organic pollutants and thyroid hormone levels in cord blood serum and bloodspot of the newborn infants of Korea. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0125213"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwr223","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants and neonatal thyroid-stimulating hormone levels in the CHAMACOS study","volume":"174","author":"Chevrier","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9843","article-title":"Associations between prenatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and neonatal thyroid-stimulating hormone levels in a Mexican-American population, Salinas Valley, California","volume":"115","author":"Chevrier","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2011.05.004","article-title":"Associations between brominated flame retardants in human milk and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in neonates","volume":"111","author":"Eggesbo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.11379","article-title":"Birth delivery mode modifies the associations between prenatal polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) and neonatal thyroid hormone levels","volume":"116","author":"Herbstman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104956","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.104956","article-title":"Maternal exposures to persistent organic pollutants are associated with DNA methylation of thyroid hormone-related genes in placenta differently by infant sex","volume":"130","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4488","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-030228","article-title":"Placental iodothyronine deiodinase expression in normal and growth-restricted human pregnancies","volume":"88","author":"Chan","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2012.01.006","article-title":"Secretion and transfer of the thyroid hormone binding protein transthyretin by human placenta","volume":"33","author":"Mortimer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1002\/em.21845","article-title":"Effects of age, sex, and persistent organic pollutants on DNA methylation in children","volume":"55","author":"Huen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Mol. Mutagen."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2017.08.010","article-title":"Gender-specific association of exposure to non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls during pregnancy with methylation levels of H19 and long interspersed nuclear element-1 in cord blood in the Hokkaido study","volume":"390","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.06.017","article-title":"Association between serum persistent organic pollutants and DNA methylation in Korean adults","volume":"158","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.06.039","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to persistent organic pollutants and methylation of LINE-1 and imprinted genes in placenta: A CHECK cohort study","volume":"119","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.2.193","article-title":"Thyroid cancer: Burden of illness and management of disease","volume":"2","author":"Brown","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2783","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30172-6","article-title":"Thyroid cancer","volume":"388","author":"Cabanillas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2016.110","article-title":"The changing incidence of thyroid cancer","volume":"12","author":"Kitahara","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790834","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/790834","article-title":"Update on anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: Morphological, molecular, and genetic features of the most aggressive thyroid cancer","volume":"2014","author":"Ragazzi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965212","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/965212","article-title":"Worldwide increasing incidence of thyroid cancer: Update on epidemiology and risk factors","volume":"2013","author":"Pellegriti","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cancer Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fiore, M., Oliveri Conti, G., Caltabiano, R., Buffone, A., Zuccarello, P., Cormaci, L., Cannizzaro, M.A., and Ferrante, M. (2019). Role of emerging environmental risk factors in thyroid cancer: A brief review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16071185"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1097\/CEJ.0000000000000481","article-title":"Persistent organic pollutants, pesticides, and the risk of thyroid cancer: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2010.03.001","article-title":"Exposure to environmental endocrine disrupting compounds and men\u2019s health","volume":"66","author":"Meeker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2017.00050","article-title":"Environmental issues in thyroid diseases","volume":"8","author":"Ferrari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-015-0502-5","article-title":"Some elements in thyroid tissue are associated with more advanced stage of thyroid cancer in Korean women","volume":"171","author":"Chung","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1080\/09603123.2017.1373273","article-title":"Correlation between serum lead and thyroid diseases: Papillary thyroid carcinoma, nodular goiter, and thyroid adenoma","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Health Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwu358","article-title":"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and thyroid cancer risk in the Prostate, Colorectal, Lung, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial cohort","volume":"181","author":"DellaValle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gorini, F., Iervasi, G., Coi, A., Pitto, L., and Bianchi, F. (2018). the role of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in thyroid carcinogenesis: Is it a weak hypothesis or a hidden reality? From facts to new perspectives. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15091834"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.02.026","article-title":"Bisphenol A exposure and risk of thyroid nodules in Chinese women: A case-control study","volume":"126","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gorini, F., Bustaffa, E., Coi, A., Iervasi, G., and Bianchi, F. (2020). Bisphenols as environmental triggers of thyroid dysfunction: Clues and evidence. Int. J. Environ. Res. Pub. Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17082654"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-015-0761-0","article-title":"Increased thyroid cancer incidence in a basaltic volcanic area is associated with non-anthropogenic pollution and biocontamination","volume":"53","author":"Malandrino","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2016.10.027","article-title":"Heavy metals in the volcanic environment and thyroid cancer","volume":"457","author":"Vigneri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ward, M.H., Jones, R.R., Brender, J.D., De Kok, T.M., Weyer, P.J., Nolan, B.T., Villanueva, C.M., and Van Breda, S.G. (2018). Drinking water nitrate and human health: An updated review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Health, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15071557"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56915","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.10917","article-title":"Association between dietary nitrate and nitrite intake and site-specific cancer risk: Evidence from observational studies","volume":"7","author":"Xie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3431","article-title":"Molecular pathogenesis and mechanisms of thyroid cancer","volume":"13","author":"Xing","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0900753","article-title":"Nuclear hormone receptor activity of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and their hydroxylated and methoxylated metabolites in transactivation assays using Chinese hamster ovary cells","volume":"117","author":"Kojima","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2017.09.002","article-title":"Bisphenol A and estrogen induce proliferation of human thyroid tumor cells via an estrogen-receptor-dependent pathway","volume":"633","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"1093","article-title":"Pattern of radiation-induced RET and NTRK1 rearrangements in 191 post-chernobyl papillary thyroid carcinomas: Biological, phenotypic, and clinical implications","volume":"6","author":"Rabes","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.4103\/ijoem.IJOEM_45_18","article-title":"Occupational pesticide exposure, impaired DNA repair, and diseases","volume":"22","author":"Kaur","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J. Occup Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgq286","article-title":"Chromosome-wide aneuploidy study (CWAS) in workers exposed to an established leukemogen, benzene","volume":"32","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.5491\/SHAW.2011.2.1.17","article-title":"Evaluation of the genetic toxicity of cyclopentane and ammonium nitrate-in vitro mammalian chromosomal aberration assay in Chinese hamster ovary cells","volume":"2","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Saf. Health Work"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.3109\/03602538209011087","article-title":"Oxidative metabolism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to ultimate carcinogens","volume":"13","author":"Levin","year":"1982","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Rev."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1038\/303468a0","article-title":"Fifty years of benzo(a)pyrene","volume":"303","author":"Phillips","year":"1983","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/s11869-017-0531-7","article-title":"Organic compounds in particulate and gaseous phase collected in the neighbourhood of an industrial complex in S\u00e3o Paulo (Brazil)","volume":"11","author":"Caumo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Air Qual. Atmos. Health"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.124499","article-title":"Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in tree barks, gaseous and particulate phase samples collected near an industrial complex in S\u00e3o Paulo (Brazil)","volume":"237","author":"Pereira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2440","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.23869","article-title":"Association of PTEN gene methylation with genetic alterations in the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase\/AKT signaling pathway in thyroid tumors","volume":"113","author":"Hou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2013.00271","article-title":"Aberrantly methylated genes in human papillary thyroid cancer and their association with BRAF\/RAS mutation","volume":"4","author":"Kikuchi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E329","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-2749","article-title":"Genome-wide methylation patterns in papillary thyroid cancer are distinct based on histological subtype and tumor genotype","volume":"99","author":"Ellis","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.28703","article-title":"DNA methylation profiling of well-differentiated thyroid cancer uncovers markers of recurrence free survival","volume":"135","author":"Mancikova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"761","article-title":"Comparative pan-cancer DNA methylation analysis reveals cancer common and specific patterns","volume":"18","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brief. Bioinform."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4089","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-00881","article-title":"Prognostic classifier based on genome-wide dna methylation profiling in well-differentiated thyroid tumors","volume":"102","author":"Marchi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.21873\/invivo.11758","article-title":"DNA methylation in human breast cancer cell lines adapted to high nitric oxide","volume":"34","author":"Demircan","year":"2020","journal-title":"In Vivo"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2018.04.375","article-title":"Nitric oxide is an epigenetic regulator of gene expression by directly controlling DNA methylation patterns","volume":"120","author":"Bovee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2016.04.012","article-title":"Global DNA methylation in gonads of adult zebrafish Danio rerio under bisphenol A exposure","volume":"130","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1666","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2013-1211","article-title":"Persistently altered epigenetic marks in the mouse uterus after neonatal estrogen exposure","volume":"27","author":"Jefferson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1038\/nsmb851","article-title":"Regulated nucleosome mobility and the histone code","volume":"11","author":"Cosgrove","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2008.08.020","article-title":"Epi-drugs to fight cancer: From chemistry to cancer treatment, the road ahead","volume":"41","author":"Mai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell B"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc2876","article-title":"Covalent histone modifications\u2013miswritten, misinterpreted and mis-erased in human cancers","volume":"10","author":"Chi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2005.029165","article-title":"Expression of HDAC1 and CBP\/p300 in human colorectal carcinomas","volume":"60","author":"Ishihama","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-07-0990","article-title":"Class I histone deacetylase expression has independent prognostic impact in human colorectal cancer: Specific role of class I histone deacetylases in vitro and in vivo","volume":"4","author":"Weichert","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2009.50","article-title":"Epigenetic silencing of TTF-1\/NKX2-1 through DNA hypermethylation and histone H3 modulation in thyroid carcinomas","volume":"89","author":"Kondo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16004","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.432294","article-title":"Nitric oxide modifies global histone methylation by inhibiting Jumonji C domain-containing demethylases","volume":"288","author":"Hickok","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(04)00045-5","article-title":"MicroRNAs: Genomics, biogenesis, mechanism, and function","volume":"116","author":"Bartel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15004","DOI":"10.1038\/sigtrans.2015.4","article-title":"The role of MicroRNAs in human cancer","volume":"1","author":"Peng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Signal. Trans. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2014.08.007","article-title":"Dicer expression and microRNA dysregulation associate with aggressive features in thyroid cancer","volume":"156","author":"Erler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2012.0045","article-title":"MicroRNA profiles in familial and sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma: Preliminary relationships with RET status and outcome","volume":"22","author":"Mian","year":"2012","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19075","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0509603102","article-title":"The role of microRNA genes in papillary thyroid carcinoma","volume":"102","author":"He","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1677\/ERC-07-0129","article-title":"MicroRNAs (miR)-221 and miR-222, both overexpressed in human thyroid papillary carcinomas, regulate p27Kip1 protein levels and cell cycle","volume":"14","author":"Visone","year":"2007","journal-title":"Endocr. Relat. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743450","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/743450","article-title":"MicroRNA deregulation in anaplastic thyroid cancer biology","volume":"2014","author":"Fuziwara","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3519","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.23336","article-title":"LncRNA Gas5 acts as a ceRNA to regulate PTEN expression by sponging miR-222-3p in papillary thyroid carcinoma","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E196","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-2666","article-title":"Prognostic implications of miR-146b expression and its functional role in papillary thyroid carcinoma","volume":"98","author":"Chou","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2010.0356","article-title":"Development of a microRNA-based molecular assay for the detection of papillary thyroid carcinoma in aspiration biopsy samples","volume":"21","author":"Mazeh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2977","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms3977","article-title":"MicroRNA-181a has a critical role in ovarian cancer progression through the regulation of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition","volume":"5","author":"Parikh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.23358","article-title":"MicroRNA-181a promotes docetaxel resistance in prostate cancer cells","volume":"77","author":"Armstrong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"5638","article-title":"MiR-181a promotes growth of thyroid cancer cells by targeting tumor suppressor RB1","volume":"21","author":"Le","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1408459","article-title":"MicroRNAs as potential signatures of environmental exposure or effect: A systematic review","volume":"123","author":"Vrijens","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0901300","article-title":"Exposure to metal-rich particulate matter modifies the expression of candidate microRNAs in peripheral blood leukocytes","volume":"118","author":"Bollati","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2011.05.004","article-title":"Environmental chemicals and microRNAs","volume":"714","author":"Hou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-1128","article-title":"Nuclear factor-{kappa}B contributes to anaplastic thyroid carcinomas through up-regulation of miR-146a","volume":"95","author":"Pacifico","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.02110s5807","article-title":"Signaling from toxic metals to NF-kappa B and beyond: Not just a matter of reactive oxygen species","volume":"110","author":"Chen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2415324","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/2415324","article-title":"Crosstalk of MicroRNAs and oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of cancer","volume":"2020","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfw203","article-title":"Long non-coding RNAs: A novel paradigm for toxicology","volume":"155","author":"Dempsey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-019-0311-8","article-title":"Cellular functions of long noncoding RNAs","volume":"21","author":"Yao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2019.00669","article-title":"Crosstalk between long non-coding RNAs, micro-RNAs and mRNAs: Deciphering molecular mechanisms of master regulators in cancer","volume":"9","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2017.07.020","article-title":"Long non-coding RNAs in thyroid cancer: Biological functions and clinical significance","volume":"469","author":"Sui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2016.05.039","article-title":"MALAT1 promotes the proliferation and invasion of thyroid cancer cells via regulating the expression of IQGAP1","volume":"83","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexmp.2017.10.002","article-title":"MicroRNA-21 and long non-coding RNA MALAT1 are overexpressed markers in medullary thyroid carcinoma","volume":"103","author":"Chu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2254","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2016.149","article-title":"Long non-coding RNA regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in cancer metastasis","volume":"7","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2274","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2017.4231","article-title":"HOTAIR is a promising novel biomarker in patients with thyroid cancer","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_113","first-page":"1","article-title":"HOTAIR: An oncogenic long non-coding RNA in different cancers","volume":"12","author":"Hajjari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2015.12.011","article-title":"Specific long non-coding RNAs response to occupational PAHs exposure in coke oven workers","volume":"3","author":"Gao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Toxicol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexmp.2017.05.008","article-title":"Low expression of long non-coding RNA GAS5 is associated with poor prognosis of patients with thyroid cancer","volume":"102","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2729","DOI":"10.2147\/CMAR.S189052","article-title":"The role of long non-coding RNA GAS5 in cancers","volume":"11","author":"Ji","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Manag. Res."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8421","DOI":"10.2147\/OTT.S221305","article-title":"Novel tumor suppressor lncRNA Growth Arrest-Specific 5 (GAS5) in human cancer","volume":"12","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Onco Targets Ther."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1177\/1533034617733904","article-title":"Long noncoding RNA H19 inhibits cell viability, migration, and invasion via downregulation of IRS-1 in thyroid cancer cells","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Technol. Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.2147\/CMAR.S195906","article-title":"Long noncoding RNA H19 is a critical oncogenic driver and contributes to epithelial-mesenchymal transition in papillary thyroid carcinoma","volume":"11","author":"Liang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Manag. Res."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2326","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.13741","article-title":"Long noncoding RNA H19 competitively binds miR-17-5p to regulate YES1 expression in thyroid cancer","volume":"283","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.10.016","article-title":"Autoimmune thyroid disorders","volume":"14","author":"Antonelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1038\/ni0901-769","article-title":"Determinants of autoimmune thyroid disease","volume":"2","author":"Weetman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_123","first-page":"20","article-title":"Genetic susceptibility in thyroid autoimmunity","volume":"3","author":"Ban","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatr. Endocrinol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-010-8245-8","article-title":"Cutting edge: The etiology of autoimmune thyroid diseases","volume":"41","author":"Eschler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allerg Immunol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.3803\/EnM.2016.31.2.213","article-title":"Clinical relevance of environmental factors in the pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid disease","volume":"31","author":"Wiersinga","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Metab. (Seoul)"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.01.004","article-title":"Infections, genetic and environmental factors in pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid diseases","volume":"116","author":"Shukla","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.1998.8.727","article-title":"What is the evidenc.e of genetic factors in the etiology of Graves\u2019 disease? A brief review","volume":"8","author":"Brix","year":"1998","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref_128","first-page":"2398","article-title":"The development of Graves\u2019 disease and the CTLA-4 gene on chromosome 2q33","volume":"84","author":"Heward","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpendmet0896","article-title":"Environmental factors and autoimmune thyroiditis","volume":"4","author":"Duntas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Clin. Pract. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2009.09.001","article-title":"Environmental triggers of autoimmune thyroiditis","volume":"33","author":"Burek","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1080\/15376516.2019.1646367","article-title":"Oxidative stress markers, trace elements, and endocrine disrupting chemicals in children with Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis","volume":"29","author":"Sur","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxicol. Mech. Method."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2009.10.009","article-title":"Can living in the surroundings of a petrochemical complex be a risk factor for autoimmune thyroid disease?","volume":"110","author":"Campos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1390402","article-title":"Increased thyroid volume and prevalence of thyroid disorders in an area heavily polluted by polychlorinated biphenyls","volume":"139","author":"Langer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2007.04.039","article-title":"Thyroid ultrasound volume, structure and function after long-term high exposure of large population to polychlorinated biphenyls, pesticides and dioxin","volume":"69","author":"Langer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198001033020105","article-title":"Hypothyroidism in workers exposed to polybrominated biphenyls","volume":"302","author":"Bahn","year":"1980","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.08.032","article-title":"Disruption of thyroid hormone levels by decabrominated diphenyl ethers (BDE-209) in occupational workers from a deca-BDE manufacturing plant","volume":"120","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.11707","article-title":"Hormone disruption by PBDEs in adult male sport fish consumers","volume":"116","author":"Turyk","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.06.052","article-title":"Lead and cadmium exposure, higher thyroid antibodies and thyroid dysfunction in Chinese women","volume":"230","author":"Nie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2600","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.292.21.2600","article-title":"Thyroid neoplasia, autoimmune thyroiditis, and hypothyroidism in persons exposed to iodine 131 from the hanford nuclear site","volume":"292","author":"Davis","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-14-0864","article-title":"Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis: Could it be influenced by a petrochemical complex? Data from a cytological study in South-Eastern Sicily","volume":"172","author":"Arena","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3025","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.154.6.3025","article-title":"Mechanism of drug-induced lupus. I. cloned Th2 cells modified with DNA methylation inhibitors in vitro cause autoimmunity in vivo","volume":"154","author":"Yung","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.12878","article-title":"Understanding epigenetic effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals: From mechanisms to novel test methods","volume":"122","author":"Ruegg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1002\/cbf.1694","article-title":"Association study between methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene polymorphisms and Graves\u2019 disease","volume":"28","author":"Mao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Biochem. Funct."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2012.04646.x","article-title":"Association of polymorphisms in DNMT1, DNMT3A, DNMT3B, MTHFR and MTRR genes with global DNA methylation levels and prognosis of autoimmune thyroid disease","volume":"170","author":"Arakawa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygeno.2015.01.001","article-title":"Genome-wide DNA methylation analysis in Graves\u2019 disease","volume":"105","author":"Cai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2015.09.006","article-title":"Epigenetic profiling in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from Graves\u2019 disease patients reveals changes in genes associated with T cell receptor signaling","volume":"67","author":"Limbach","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12750","article-title":"TET enzymes, TDG and the dynamics of DNA demethylation","volume":"502","author":"Kohli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2016.00318","article-title":"An Emerging Role of micro-RNA in the Effect of the Endocrine Disruptors","volume":"10","author":"Derghal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.11338","article-title":"Global DNA hypomethylation is associated with high serum-persistent organic pollutants in Greenlandic Inuit","volume":"116","author":"Rusiecki","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0901131","article-title":"Association of low-dose exposure to persistent organic pollutants with global DNA hypomethylation in healthy Koreans","volume":"118","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01377","article-title":"Anti-Inflammatory MicroRNAs and their potential for inflammatory diseases treatment","volume":"9","author":"Tahamtan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_152","first-page":"24","article-title":"The role of miRNAs in the regulation of inflammatory processes during hepatofibrogenesis","volume":"4","author":"Roy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E968","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-2982","article-title":"Differential microRNA expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from Graves\u2019 disease patients","volume":"97","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.12432","article-title":"Circulating microRNAs in autoimmune thyroid diseases","volume":"81","author":"Yamada","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.)"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2012.0277","article-title":"MicroRNAs miR-146a1, miR-155_2, and miR-200a1 are regulated in autoimmune thyroid diseases","volume":"22","author":"Bernecker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2016.0062","article-title":"Circulating MicroRNAs in graves\u2019 disease in relation to clinical activity","volume":"26","author":"Hiratsuka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-100116","article-title":"MiR-346 and TRAb as predicative factors for relapse in graves\u2019 disease within one year","volume":"49","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-02318","article-title":"A MicroRNA signature for evaluation of risk and severity of autoimmune thyroid diseases","volume":"103","author":"Marazuela","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.890686","article-title":"Increased microRNA-155 and decreased microRNA-146a may promote ocular inflammation and proliferation in Graves\u2019 ophthalmopathy","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-020711-075043","article-title":"Induced CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in immune tolerance","volume":"30","author":"Bilate","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E2620","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-1883","article-title":"Integrative analysis of mRNA and miRNA array data reveals the suppression of retinoic acid pathway in regulatory T cells of Graves\u2019 disease","volume":"99","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-015-0546-5","article-title":"MiR-346 regulates CD4(+)CXCR5(+) T cells in the pathogenesis of Graves\u2019 disease","volume":"49","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-016-0917-6","article-title":"MicroRNA-142-5p contributes to Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis by targeting CLDN1","volume":"14","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.EJ15-0577","article-title":"Increases of microRNA let-7e in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in Hashimoto\u2019s disease","volume":"63","author":"Kagawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocr. J."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-015-8643-3","article-title":"Decreased expression of microRNA-125a-3p upregulates interleukin-23 receptor in patients with Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis","volume":"62","author":"Peng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.15.3.414-429.2002","article-title":"NF-kappaB family of transcription factors: Central regulators of innate and adaptive immune functions","volume":"15","author":"Caamano","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.2174\/138920209788185289","article-title":"Estrogen Regulation of MicroRNA Expression","volume":"10","author":"Klinge","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Genom."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-015-0336-1","article-title":"Bisphenol A environmental exposure and the detrimental effects on human metabolic health: Is it necessary to revise the risk assessment in vulnerable population?","volume":"39","author":"Valentino","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Investig."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00601","article-title":"Novel insight into the epigenetic and post-transcriptional control of cardiac gene expression by thyroid hormone","volume":"10","author":"Forini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/21\/7787\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:27:28Z","timestamp":1760178448000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/21\/7787"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,24]]},"references-count":169,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph17217787"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17217787","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,24]]}}}