{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:22:53Z","timestamp":1760239373641,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,28]],"date-time":"2020-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603843200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000269","name":"Economic and Social Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ES\/T008296\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ES\/T008296\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/P014216\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/P014216\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Local physical and social environmental factors are important drivers of human health and behaviour. Environmental perception has been linked with both reproduction and parenting, but links between subjective environmental experiences and breastfeeding remain unclear. Using retrospective data from an online survey of UK mothers of children aged 0\u201324 months, Cox-Aalen survival models test whether negative subjective environmental experiences negatively correlated with any and exclusive breastfeeding (max n = 473). Matching predictions, hazards of stopping any breastfeeding were increased, albeit non-significantly, across the five environmental measures (HR: 1.05\u20131.26) Hazards for stopping exclusive breastfeeding were however (non-significantly) reduced (HR: 0.65\u20130.87). Score processes found no significant time-varying effects. However, estimated cumulative coefficient graphs showed that the first few weeks postpartum were most susceptible to environmental influences and that contrary to our predictions, mothers with worse subjective environmental experiences were less likely to stop breastfeeding at this time. In addition, the hazard of stopping exclusive breastfeeding declined over time for mothers who thought that littering was a problem. The predicted increased hazards of stopping breastfeeding were only evident in the later stages of any breastfeeding and only for mothers who reported littering as a problem or that people tended not to know each other. Perceived harsher physical and social environmental conditions are assumed to deter women from breastfeeding, but this may not always be the case. Women\u2019s hazards of stopping breastfeeding change over time and there may be particular timepoints in their breastfeeding journeys where subjective environmental experiences play a role.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17217903","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,28]],"date-time":"2020-10-28T11:43:06Z","timestamp":1603885386000},"page":"7903","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Subjective Environmental Experiences and Women\u2019s Breastfeeding Journeys: A Survival Analysis Using an Online Survey of UK Mothers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0717-5105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura J.","family":"Brown","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of International Development, London School of Economics &amp; Political Science, London WC2A 2AE, UK"},{"name":"Institute for Global Health, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0542-7540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Myers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL Anthropology, University College London, London WC1H 0BW, UK"},{"name":"BirthRites Independent Max Planck Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0973-1569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abigail E.","family":"Page","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4862-179X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily H.","family":"Emmott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL Anthropology, University College London, London WC1H 0BW, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)01024-7","article-title":"Breastfeeding in the 21st century: Epidemiology, mechanisms, and lifelong effect","volume":"387","author":"Victora","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"McAndrew, F., Thompson, J., Fellows, L., Large, A., Speed, M., and Renfrew, M.J. (2012). Infant Feeding Survey 2010, Health and Social Care Information Centre."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1177\/1010539515624964","article-title":"The long-term public health benefits of breastfeeding","volume":"28","author":"Binns","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1111\/jhn.12496","article-title":"Breastfeeding as a public health responsibility: A review of the evidence","volume":"30","author":"Brown","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hum. Nutr. Diet"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tomori, C., Palmquist, A.E.L., and Quinn, E.A. (2017). Introduction: Towards multidisciplinary anthropologies of breastfeeding. Breastfeeding: New Anthropological Approaches, Routledge. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315145129"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Emmott, E.H., and Mace, R. (2015). Practical support from fathers and grandmothers is associated with lower levels of breastfeeding in the UK Millennium Cohort study. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0133547"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-2491","article-title":"Breastfeeding and the use of human milk","volume":"115","author":"Gartner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2524.2011.01003.x","article-title":"Increasing support for breastfeeding: What can Children\u2019s Centres do?","volume":"19","author":"Condon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Health Soc. Care Community"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1093\/emph\/eox011","article-title":"Local environmental quality positively predicts breastfeeding in the UK\u2019s Millennium Cohort Study","volume":"2017","author":"Brown","year":"2017","journal-title":"Evol. Med. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12851","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.12851","article-title":"Are mothers less likely to breastfeed in harsh environments? Physical environmental quality and breastfeeding in the Born in Bradford study","volume":"15","author":"Brown","year":"2019","journal-title":"Matern. Child Nutr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1007\/s12110-010-9085-1","article-title":"Extrinsic mortality effects on reproductive strategies in a Caribbean community","volume":"21","author":"Quinlan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum. Nat."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckp114","article-title":"Indices of Multiple Deprivation predict breastfeeding duration in England and Wales","volume":"20","author":"Brown","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/arp202","article-title":"Dying young and living fast: Variation in life history across English neighborhoods","volume":"21","author":"Nettle","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behav. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12626","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.12626","article-title":"Breastfeeding practices in the United Kingdom: Is the neighbourhood context important?","volume":"14","author":"Peregrino","year":"2018","journal-title":"Matern. Child Nutr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respe.2006.12.003","article-title":"Neighborhoods and health: Where are we and were do we go from here?","volume":"55","author":"Roux","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev. d\u2019\u00c9pid\u00e9miologie St. Publique"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, M., Verhoeven, J.E., Cuijpers, P., Iii, C.F.R., and Penninx, B.W.J.H. (2015). Where you live may make you old: The Association between perceived poor neighborhood quality and leukocyte telomere length. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0128460"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gibson, M.A., and Lawson, D.W. (2014). Socioeconomic disparities in health behaviour: An evolutionary perspective. Applied Evolutionary Anthropology: Darwinian Approaches to Contemporary World Issues, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-0280-4"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2006.07.008","article-title":"Urban neighborhood poverty and the incidence of depression in a population-based cohort study","volume":"17","author":"Galea","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2013.07.027","article-title":"Neighborhood cohesion and daily well-being: Results from a diary study","volume":"96","author":"Robinette","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1808","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.91.11.1808","article-title":"The relationship of neighborhood sociodemographic characteristics to birthweight among five ethnic groups in California","volume":"91","author":"Pearl","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.10.006","article-title":"Neighborhood effects on birthweight: An exploration of psychosocial and behavioral pathways in Baltimore, 1995\u20131996","volume":"68","author":"Schempf","year":"2009","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2008.080408","article-title":"The effect of neighbourhood income and deprivation on pregnancy outcomes in Amsterdam, The Netherlands","volume":"63","author":"Agyemang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8930","article-title":"The environmental \u2018Riskscape\u2019 and social inequality: Implications for explaining maternal and child health disparities","volume":"114","author":"Shenassa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.126.2.309","article-title":"The neighborhoods they live in: The effects of neighborhood residence on child and adolescent outcomes","volume":"126","author":"Leventhal","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/0145-2134(94)90031-0","article-title":"Evaluating a community intervention to reduce the risk of child abuse: Methodological strategies in conducting neighborhood surveys","volume":"18","author":"Earls","year":"1994","journal-title":"Child Abus. Negl."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Department for Communities and Local Government (2020, September 27). The English Indices of Deprivation. GOV.UK, Available online: https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/collections\/english-indices-of-deprivation."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.12159","article-title":"Breastfeeding in England: Time trends 2005\u20132006 to 2012\u20132013 and inequalities by area profile","volume":"12","author":"Oakley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Matern. Child Nutr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agboado, G., Michel, E., Jackson, E., and Verma, A. (2010). Factors associated with breastfeeding cessation in nursing mothers in a peer support programme in Eastern Lancashire. BMC Pediatr., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-10-3"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2008.10.005","article-title":"Do perceptions of neighbourhood problems contribute to maternal health?: Findings from the Pacific Islands Families study","volume":"15","author":"Carter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(03)00149-7","article-title":"Area effects on health variation over the life-course: Analysis of the longitudinal study sample in England using new data on area of residence in childhood","volume":"58","author":"Curtis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2008.00959.x","article-title":"Association between perceived security of the neighbourhood and small-for-gestational-age birth","volume":"22","author":"Auger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Paediatr. P\u00e9rinat. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.3390\/bs5020190","article-title":"Measuring physical neighborhood quality related to health","volume":"5","author":"Rollings","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Campo, P., and Dunn, J.R. (2011). Rethinking Social Epidemiology: Towards a Science of Change, Springer Science & Business Media.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-2138-8"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Erickson, A.C. (2016). Person, Place and Context: The Interaction between the Social and Physical Environment on Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes in British Columbia, University of Victoria."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1308049","article-title":"Residential greenness and birth outcomes: Evaluating the influence of spatially correlated built-environment factors","volume":"122","author":"Hystad","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2079","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60435-8","article-title":"Shaping cities for health: Complexity and the planning of urban environments in the 21st century","volume":"379","author":"Rydin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2010.09.006","article-title":"Perceived environmental risk as a predictor of teenage motherhood in a British population","volume":"17","author":"Johns","year":"2011","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2012.04.033","article-title":"Weighing the contributions of material and social area deprivation to preterm birth","volume":"75","author":"Auger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lorenc, T., Petticrew, M.P., Whitehead, M., Neary, D., Clayton, S., Wright, K., Thomson, H., Cummins, S., Sowden, A., and Renton, A. (2013). Fear of crime and the environment: Systematic review of UK qualitative evidence. BMC Public Health, 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-496"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2245","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-017-2346-4","article-title":"Low-level prenatal toxin exposures and breastfeeding duration: A prospective cohort study","volume":"21","author":"Auinger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Matern. Child Health J."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/s12110-005-1009-0","article-title":"Early stress predicts age at menarche and first birth, adult attachment, and expected lifespan","volume":"16","author":"Chisholm","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hum. Nat."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2016.02.008","article-title":"Jedi public health: Co-creating an identity-safe culture to promote health equity","volume":"2","author":"Geronimus","year":"2016","journal-title":"SSM Popul. Health"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.112791","article-title":"Typologies of postnatal support and breastfeeding at two months in the UK","volume":"246","author":"Emmott","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.11648\/j.ajtas.20160501.11","article-title":"Comparison of convenience sampling and purposive sampling","volume":"5","author":"Etikan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Theor. Appl. Stat."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kramer, M.S., and Kakuma, R. (2002). The Optimal Duration of Exclusive Breastfeeding: A Systematic Review, World Health Organization.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003517"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1177\/089033449801400112","article-title":"Breastfeeding of very low birth weight infants","volume":"14","author":"Furman","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Hum. Lact."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1080\/13575270600761743","article-title":"Breast is best? Reasons why mothers decide to breastfeed or Bottlefeed their babies and factors influencing the duration of breastfeeding","volume":"12","author":"Sloan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Child Care Pract."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2006.01.006","article-title":"Marital status disparities in maternal smoking during pregnancy, breastfeeding and maternal depression","volume":"63","author":"Kiernan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-0714","article-title":"Racial\/Ethnic differences in breastfeeding initiation and continuation in the United Kingdom and comparison with findings in the United States","volume":"118","author":"Kelly","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"57","article-title":"Barriers to timely initiation of breastfeeding among mothers of healthy full-term babies who deliver at the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital","volume":"9","author":"Awi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Niger. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/asap.12001","article-title":"Best practices in conceptualizing and measuring social class in psychological research","volume":"13","author":"Diemer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anal. Soc. Issues Public Policy"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"CD001688","article-title":"Interventions for promoting the initiation of breastfeeding","volume":"2","author":"Dyson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327655jchn1503_4","article-title":"Breastfeeding among low-income women with and without peer support","volume":"15","author":"Arlotti","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Community Health Nurs."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2014.0119","article-title":"Breastfeeding outcome comparison by parity","volume":"10","author":"Hackman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Breastfeed. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v038.i02","article-title":"Analyzing competing risk data using theRtimeregPackage","volume":"38","author":"Scheike","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Hagar, Y., and Duki\u0107, V. (2015). Comparison of hazard rate estimation in R. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.17576\/jsm-2017-4603-15","article-title":"Aalen\u2019s additive, cox proportional hazards and the Cox-Aalen Model: Application to kidney transplant data","volume":"46","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sains Malays."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-019-00857-9","article-title":"Retire statistical significance","volume":"567","author":"Amrhein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24092","article-title":"P > 0.05: The incorrect interpretation of \u201cnot significant\u201d results is a significant problem","volume":"172","author":"Smith","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthr."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1080\/08964289709596730","article-title":"Health impact of interpersonal violence 2: Medical and mental health outcomes","volume":"23","author":"Resnick","year":"1997","journal-title":"Behav. Med."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2012.04.001","article-title":"Crime, fear of crime, environment, and mental health and wellbeing: Mapping review of theories and causal pathways","volume":"18","author":"Lorenc","year":"2012","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1943","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2702.2012.04071.x","article-title":"A systematic review of peer support interventions for breastfeeding","volume":"21","author":"Kaunonen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2015.0175","article-title":"What do women really want? Lessons for breastfeeding promotion and education","volume":"11","author":"Brown","year":"2016","journal-title":"Breastfeed. Med."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1071\/NB05013","article-title":"Factors affecting breastfeeding practices. Applying a conceptual framework","volume":"16","author":"Hector","year":"2005","journal-title":"N. S. W. Public Health Bull."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1177\/0890334403255225","article-title":"Women\u2019s experiences of breastfeeding in a bottle-feeding culture","volume":"19","author":"Scott","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Hum. Lact."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Sandwell and West Birmingham NHS Trust (2020, September 27). More Mums Breastfeeding Babies Despite Coronavirus. MEdia. Available online: https:\/\/www.swbh.nhs.uk\/media\/more-mums-breastfeeding-babies-despite-coronavirus\/."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/s13524-015-0379-0","article-title":"Proximity of couples to parents: Influences of gender, labor market, and family","volume":"52","author":"Chan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Demography"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602604","article-title":"Parental perceptions of feeding practices in five European countries: An exploratory study","volume":"61","author":"Synnott","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kerkham, M. (2007). Not in public please: Breastfeeding as dirty work in the UK. Exploring the Dirty Side of Women\u2019s Health, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203967348"},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"113","article-title":"Nourishing body and spirit: Exploring British Muslim mothers\u2019 constructions and experiences of breastfeeding","volume":"9","author":"Williamson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Divers. Equal. Health Care"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyr054","article-title":"Cohort profile: The INMA\u2014INfancia y Medio Ambiente\u2014(environment and childhood) project","volume":"41","author":"Guxens","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-016-0138-8","article-title":"Household air pollution and under-five mortality in India (1992\u20132006)","volume":"15","author":"Naz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2015.03.007","article-title":"Exposure to fine particle matter, nitrogen dioxide and benzene during pregnancy and cognitive and psychomotor developments in children at 15 months of age","volume":"80","author":"Lertxundi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e3280a94f6d","article-title":"Oxidative stress and antioxidant protection in the perinatal period","volume":"10","author":"Shoji","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.12148","article-title":"Shame if you do\u2014Shame if you don\u2019t: Women\u2019s experiences of infant feeding","volume":"11","author":"Thomson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Matern. Child Nutr."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-277X.2003.00446.x","article-title":"What is the problem with breast-feeding? A qualitative analysis of infant feeding perceptions","volume":"16","author":"Gardiner","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Hum. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoforum.2016.03.004","article-title":"\u201cI\u2026don\u2019t want to see you flashing your bits around\u201d: Exhibitionism, othering and good motherhood in perceptions of public breastfeeding","volume":"71","author":"Grant","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geoforum"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2012.0057","article-title":"An exploration of the experiences of mothers who breastfeed long-term: What are the issues and why does it matter?","volume":"8","author":"Dowling","year":"2013","journal-title":"Breastfeed. Med."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e286","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.5698","article-title":"The use of social media in recruitment for medical research studies: A scoping review","volume":"18","author":"Natarajan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics (ONS) (2020, September 15). Average Household Income, UK: Financial Year Ending 2019, Available online: https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/peoplepopulationandcommunity\/personalandhouseholdfinances\/incomeandwealth\/bulletins\/householddisposableincomeandinequality\/financialyearending2019."},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"HESA (2020, September 15). Higher Education Student Statistics: UK, 2016\/17\u2014Qualifications Achieved. Available online: https:\/\/www.hesa.ac.uk\/news\/11-01-2018\/sfr247-higher-education-student-statistics\/qualifications."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"61","article-title":"The weirdest people in the world?","volume":"33","author":"Henrich","year":"2010","journal-title":"SSRN Electron. J."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/21\/7903\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:30:10Z","timestamp":1760178610000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/21\/7903"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,28]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph17217903"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17217903","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1660-4601"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,28]]}}}