{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T10:55:07Z","timestamp":1778151307971,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,30]],"date-time":"2020-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604016000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent decades, a considerable increase in the number of tick-bitten humans has been recorded in the north of European Russia. At the same time, significant climatic changes, such as an increase in air temperature, were noticed in this region. The northern border of the ixodidae distribution area lies in the north of European Russia, therefore the analysis of the population dynamics is of particular interest regarding the possible impact of the climate changes. Unfortunately, in such a large territory field, studies on tick abundance are very difficult. In our study, the official statistics for the number of tick-bitten humans were used. This kind of statistical analysis has been conducted in the Russian Federation for many years, and can be used for the estimation of climate change impact on tick abundance. Statistical data on tick-bitten humans have been collected in three large regions for several decades. For the same regions, the average annual air temperature was calculated and modeled. An S-shaped distribution of the number of victims depending on the average annual air temperature was established, which can be described as \u201cVerhulst\u2019s law\u201d, or logistic function. However, the development of the population does not depend on time, but on the temperature of the ambient air.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17218006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,30]],"date-time":"2020-10-30T09:29:32Z","timestamp":1604050172000},"page":"8006","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Study of the Relationship between the Average Annual Temperature of Atmospheric Air and the Number of Tick-Bitten Humans in the North of European Russia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7852-8396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrei","family":"Tronin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Research Centre for Ecological Safety of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 18, Korpusnaya str., 197110 St.-Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6433-3486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolay","family":"Tokarevich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saint-Petersburg Pasteur Institute, 14, str. Mira, 197101 St.-Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7504-3342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga","family":"Blinova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saint-Petersburg Pasteur Institute, 14, str. Mira, 197101 St.-Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bogdan","family":"Gnativ","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Komi Republic Office of the Russian Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, 71, Ordjonikidze str., 167016 Syktyvkar, Republic of Komi, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roman","family":"Buzinov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of hygiene and medical ecology, The Northern State Medical University, 51, Troitskiy Ave., 163000 Arkhangelsk, Arkhangelskaya oblast, Russia"},{"name":"Arkhangelsk Regional Office of the Russian Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, 24, Gaydar str., 163000 Arkhangelsk, Arkhangelskaya oblast, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Sokolova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of hygiene and medical ecology, The Northern State Medical University, 51, Troitskiy Ave., 163000 Arkhangelsk, Arkhangelskaya oblast, Russia"},{"name":"Arkhangelsk Regional Office of the Russian Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, 24, Gaydar str., 163000 Arkhangelsk, Arkhangelskaya oblast, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Birgitta","family":"Evengard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. Clinical Microbiology, Umea University, 90187 Umea, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tatyana","family":"Pahomova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karelia Republic Regional Office of the Russian Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, 12, Pirogov str., 185002 Petrozavodsk, Republic of Karelia, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liliya","family":"Bubnova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karelia Republic Regional Office of the Russian Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, 12, Pirogov str., 185002 Petrozavodsk, Republic of Karelia, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Safonova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karelia Republic Regional Office of the Russian Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, 12, Pirogov str., 185002 Petrozavodsk, Republic of Karelia, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Korenberg, E., Pomelova, V., and Osin, N. (2013). Infections with Natural Focality Transmitted by Ixodid Ticks, Komentarij."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Balashov, Y.S. (1998). Ixodid Ticks-Parasites and Vectors of Diseases, Nauka. (In Russian)."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Filippova, N.A. (1985). Taiga Tick Ixodes Persulcatus Schulze (Acarina, Ixodidae): Morphology, Systematics, Ecology, Medical Significance, Nauka. (In Russian)."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3109\/00365549009023120","article-title":"Incidence of tick-bite in man in Aland Islands: Reference to the spread of Lyme borreliosis","volume":"22","author":"Wahlberg","year":"1990","journal-title":"Scand. J. Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2014.09.006","article-title":"Continuing increase of tick bites and Lyme disease between 1994 and 2009","volume":"6","author":"Hofhuisa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)05250-8","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis in Sweden and climate change","volume":"358","author":"Lindgren","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593232","DOI":"10.1155\/2009\/593232","article-title":"Effects of climate change on ticks and tick-borne diseases in Europe","volume":"2009","author":"Gray","year":"2009","journal-title":"Interdiscip. Perspect. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20140051","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2014.0051","article-title":"Climate change and Ixodes tick-borne diseases of humans","volume":"370","author":"Ostfeld","year":"2015","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1134\/S0013873818040115","article-title":"Influence of abiotic factors on different developmental stages of the taiga tick Ixodes persulcatus and the sheep tick Ixodes ricinus","volume":"98","author":"Sirotkin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Entmol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.14745\/ccdr.v45i04a02","article-title":"N Increased risk of tick-borne diseases with climate and environmental changes","volume":"45","author":"Bouchard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Can. Commun. Dis. Rep. Relev. Des Mal. Transm. Au Can."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8448","DOI":"10.3402\/gha.v4i0.8448","article-title":"The impact of climate change on the expansion of Ixodes persulcatus habitat and the incidence of tick borne encephalitis in the north of European Russia","volume":"4","author":"Tokarevich","year":"2011","journal-title":"Glob. Health Action"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298882","DOI":"10.1080\/22423982.2017.1298882","article-title":"Impact of air temperature variation on the ixodid ticks habitat and tick-borne encephalitis incidence in the Russian Arctic: The case of the Komi Republic","volume":"76","author":"Tokarevich","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Circumpolar Health"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"8","article-title":"The vulnerability of subjects of the Russian Federation in relation to the distribution of the main vectors of ixodes tick-borne borelliosis and tick-borne encephalitis in the expected climate change","volume":"29","author":"Yasjukevich","year":"2018","journal-title":"Probl. Ecol. Monit. Ecosyst. Model."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/s11538-006-9125-5","article-title":"Modeling tick-borne disease: A metapopulation model","volume":"69","author":"Gaff","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bull. Math. Biol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-271","article-title":"Effects of global changes on the climatic niche of the tick Ixodes ricinus inferred by species distribution modelling","volume":"6","author":"Porretta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kessler, W.H., Ganser, C., and Glass, G.E. (2019). Modeling the distribution of medically important tick species in Florida. Insects, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects10070190"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"811","article-title":"Abundance of Ixodes persulcatus ticks in Komi Republic as a function of an air temperature","volume":"9","author":"Tronin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Russ. J. Infect. Immun. Infektsiya I Immun."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"(2014). Second Roshydromet Assessment Report on Climate Change and Its Consequences in Russian Federation, Roshydromet."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"1","article-title":"A global monthly land surface air temperature analysis for 1948-present","volume":"113","author":"Fan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s10493-019-00342-y","article-title":"Long-term dynamics of Ixodes persulcatus (Acari: Ixodidae) abundance in the north-west of its range (Karelia, Russia)","volume":"77","author":"Bugmyrin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp Appl Acarol."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"1003","article-title":"Distribution of the taiga tick (Ixodes persulcatus) in the USSR","volume":"48","author":"Korenberg","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Zool."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"77","article-title":"Expansion of natural focal infections under anthropogenic impacts in biosphere","volume":"2","author":"Korabelnikov","year":"2009","journal-title":"Natl. Priorities Russ."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"12","article-title":"Epidemiological character of tick-borne viral encephalitis extension in the Arkhangelsk region","volume":"4","author":"Sokolova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ekol. Cheloveka"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"15","article-title":"Epidemiological characteristic of tick-borne encephalitis in North-West region of Russia","volume":"7","author":"Subbotina","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ekol. Cheloveka (Hum. Ecol.)"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/21\/8006\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:27:07Z","timestamp":1760178427000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/21\/8006"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,30]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph17218006"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17218006","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,30]]}}}