{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T13:06:43Z","timestamp":1774271203621,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,31]],"date-time":"2020-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The correct immunization of the inmate population minimizes the risk of transmission of vaccine-preventable diseases in prisons. The objective of this study was to evaluate the vaccine coverage of long-term prisoners in the Spanish penitentiary system through a retrospective longitudinal study. One-thousand and five prisoners were selected, who were imprisoned from 2008 and 2018 in three Spanish prisons. Their degree of immunization was evaluated as related to hepatitis A (HAV), hepatitis B (HBV), tetanus, diphtheria, pneumococcus and seasonal flu. The state of vaccination of the prisoners with a serological diagnosis of HBV, hepatitis C (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was also evaluated. The vaccination coverage obtained for hepatitis B was 52.3%, and for tetanus\u2013diphtheria, it was 71.9%. However, for hepatitis A and pneumococcus infection, it was insignificant (&lt;2% of the prisoners). Vaccination against seasonal flu was lower than 16%. The HCV and HIV-positive inmates were not correctly vaccinated either. The insufficient level of immunization obtained reflects the lack of interest and marginalization of this population by the penitentiary system and the health authorities. The lack of reliable records is combined with the lack of planned strategies that promote stable and well-defined programs of active vaccination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17218045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,31]],"date-time":"2020-10-31T21:39:56Z","timestamp":1604180396000},"page":"8045","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Immunization Coverage of Inmates in Spanish Prisons"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8168-4496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nancy","family":"Vicente-Alcalde","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Penitentiary Center Alicante II, General Secretariat of Penitentiary Institutions, 03400 Villena, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1159-429X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose","family":"Tuells","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Nursing, Preventive Medicine, Public Health and History of Science, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0166-4901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cecilia M.","family":"Egoavil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General University Hospital of Alicante, Clinical Pharmacology Unit, 03690 Alicante, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Esther","family":"Ruescas-Escolano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Urgencias, Hospital Universitario del Vinalop\u00f3-Elche, 03293 Elche, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7415-4139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cesare","family":"Altavilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Nursing, Preventive Medicine, Public Health and History of Science, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1234-2150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"Caballero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Nursing, Preventive Medicine, Public Health and History of Science, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"European Center for Disease Prevention and Control (2020, February 02). 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