{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T21:06:02Z","timestamp":1790629562205,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,3]],"date-time":"2020-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604361600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G12MD007581"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G12MD007581"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1U54MD015929"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1U54MD015929"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Several epidemiological and experimental studies have demonstrated that many human diseases are not only caused by specific genetic and environmental factors but also by gene\u2013environment interactions. Although it has been widely reported that genetic polymorphisms play a critical role in human susceptibility to cancer and other chronic disease conditions, many single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are caused by somatic mutations resulting from human exposure to environmental stressors. Scientific evidence suggests that the etiology of many chronic illnesses is caused by the joint effect between genetics and the environment. Research has also pointed out that the interactions of environmental factors with specific allelic variants highly modulate the susceptibility to diseases. Hence, many scientific discoveries on gene\u2013environment interactions have elucidated the impact of their combined effect on the incidence and\/or prevalence rate of human diseases. In this review, we provide an overview of the nature of gene\u2013environment interactions, and discuss their role in human cancers, with special emphases on lung, colorectal, bladder, breast, ovarian, and prostate cancers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17218089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,3]],"date-time":"2020-11-03T09:09:32Z","timestamp":1604394572000},"page":"8089","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":135,"title":["Impact of Gene\u2013Environment Interactions on Cancer Development"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Ariane","family":"Mbemi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NIH\/NIMHD RCMI-Center for Health Disparities Research, Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch Street, Box 18750, Jackson, MS 39217, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch Street, Box 18540, Jackson, MS 39217, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunali","family":"Khanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Nair Hospital Dental College, Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai, Mumbai 400 008, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvianne","family":"Njiki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NIH\/NIMHD RCMI-Center for Health Disparities Research, Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch Street, Box 18750, Jackson, MS 39217, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch Street, Box 18540, Jackson, MS 39217, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1836-0720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clement G.","family":"Yedjou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Technology, Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University, 1610 S. Martin Luther King Blvd., Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3407-6674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul B.","family":"Tchounwou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NIH\/NIMHD RCMI-Center for Health Disparities Research, Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch Street, Box 18750, Jackson, MS 39217, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch Street, Box 18540, Jackson, MS 39217, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2020, February 05). Cancer Facts Sheets. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/cancer."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Steward, B.W., and Wild, C.P. (2014). 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