{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T13:07:26Z","timestamp":1776863246866,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]],"date-time":"2020-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of  University and Research","award":["Progetto di Rilevante Interesse Nazionale 2017, project 2017728JPK"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Progetto di Rilevante Interesse Nazionale 2017, project 2017728JPK"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Type 2 diabetes is increasingly recognized as a spectrum of metabolic disorders sharing chronic hyperglycaemia. In Europe, the continually growing number of migrants from developing countries could affect diabetes phenotypes. We evaluated a population of 426 Italians and 412 undocumented migrants. Using 17 variables (with the exclusion of ethnic origin) we performed a multiple component analysis to detect potential clusters, independently from ethnicity. We also compared the two groups to evaluate potential ethnicity associated differences. We found five clusters of patients with different disease phenotypes. Comparing Italians with undocumented migrants, we noted that the first had more often cardiovascular risk factors and neurologic involvement, while the latter had a higher frequency of diabetic ulcers and renal involvement. Metformin was used in a comparable percentage of patients in all clusters, but other antidiabetic treatments showed some differences. Italians were more often on insulin, due to a larger use of long acting insulin, and received a larger number of oral antidiabetics in combination. Pharmacological treatment of comorbidities showed some differences too. We suggest that type 2 diabetes should be considered as a spectrum of diseases with different phenotypes also in heterogeneous populations, and that this is not due only to ethnic differences.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17218169","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]],"date-time":"2020-11-05T09:04:34Z","timestamp":1604567074000},"page":"8169","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Current Pharmacological Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Undocumented Migrants: Is It Appropriate for the Phenotype of the Disease?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Gianfrancesco","family":"Fiorini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20136 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8750-302X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan","family":"Cortinovis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20136 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Corrao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Healthcare Research and Pharmacoepidemiology, 20126 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Laboratory of Healthcare Research and Pharmacoepidemiology, Department of Statistics and Quantitative Methods, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9620-8057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Franchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Healthcare Research and Pharmacoepidemiology, 20126 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Laboratory of Healthcare Research and Pharmacoepidemiology, Department of Statistics and Quantitative Methods, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angela Ida","family":"Pincelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, San Gerardo Hospital, 20900 Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Perotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, San Gerardo Hospital, 20900 Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2489-9108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonello Emilio","family":"Rigamonti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20136 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9620-4133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Sartorio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Experimental Laboratory for Auxo-Endocrinological Research, 28824 Verbania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvano Gabriele","family":"Cella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20136 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"International Diabetes Federation (2019). 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