{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T09:07:16Z","timestamp":1768986436482,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,6]],"date-time":"2020-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604620800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aims to describe parents\u2019 and infant\u2019s interactive styles after assisted reproduction treatments (ART), to compare them with parent\u2013infant interactions after spontaneous conception (SC), and to assess the effect of specific ART variables (cause of infertility, treatment type, and previous ART attempts) on interaction quality. The sample included 25 ART conceiving couples and 31 SC couples with their 3-months-old babies. Free parent\u2013infant interactions (3\u20135 min) were coded using the CARE-Index, a video-based assessment scale that gives both dimensional (e.g., sensitivity, control, passivity) and categorical scores (sensitive, inept, at-risk) for parents and infants. Results showed a global similarity between groups in CARE-Index dimensions. Nevertheless, differences emerged in categorical scores, as the interactive patterns of ART parents were more frequently classified as \u201cinept\u201d and \u201cat-risk\u201d compared to SC parents. With regards to ART dyads only, infants conceived through intracytoplasmic sperm injection scored significantly lower to the dimension compulsivity and higher to passivity, compared to infants conceived through in vitro fertilization. Yet, infants conceived at the first ART cycle had significantly lower levels of difficulty than infants conceived after one ART attempt. These results speak about the existence of important parent\u2013infant interactive differences related to conception modality and ART technique and suggest the need to implement support programs to promote more sensitive parenting styles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17218215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,6]],"date-time":"2020-11-06T09:03:04Z","timestamp":1604653384000},"page":"8215","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Characteristics of Early Mother\u2013Infant and Father\u2013Infant Interactions: A Comparison between Assisted Reproductive Technology and Spontaneous Conceiving Parents"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Francesca","family":"Agostini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Andrei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8965-5761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erica","family":"Neri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Trombini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Nuccini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, Azienda Unit\u00e0 Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Teresa","family":"Villani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Reproductive Medicine and Surgery, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, Azienda Unit\u00e0 Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Aguzzoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Reproductive Medicine and Surgery, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, Azienda Unit\u00e0 Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcella","family":"Paterlini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Pediatrics, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, Azienda Unit\u00e0 Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mascarenhas, M.N., Flaxman, S.R., Boerma, T., Vanderpoel, S., and Stevens, G.A. 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