{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:45:17Z","timestamp":1787028317448,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,12]],"date-time":"2020-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605139200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Mack Center on Mental Health and Social Conflict, School of Social Welfare, University of California Berkeley","award":["Grant SEGAL"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant SEGAL"]}]},{"name":"University of California Berkeley Library","award":["Berkeley Research Impact Initiative (BRII)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Berkeley Research Impact Initiative (BRII)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This research examines Syrian refugee mothers\u2019 accounts of the physical and mental health of their children being affected by war traumas and displacement challenges. Open-ended audio-recorded interviews were conducted in Arabic with 23 mothers residing in Jordan. Using a narrative approach in the data collection and analysis, five major themes were identified: (1) children were exposed to diverse war traumatic experiences in Syria; (2) the escape journey and refugee camps threatened children\u2019s lives; (3) displacement and family stressors exposed children to poverty, hostility from local peers, educational and recreational challenges, child labor, and domestic violence (these three major themes were considered as trauma related variables); (4) children were not only directly affected physically and mentally by their own traumatic experiences and displacement stressors, but these experiences were mediated and magnified by familial interrelated processes, evidenced in intergenerational transmission of trauma, harsh parenting style, parental control, and parentification; and (5) adverse consequences of both trauma related variables and family processes directly and indirectly traumatized children and adversely impacted their physical and mental health. We examined the themes that emerged from the data in view of three theoretical frameworks and the impact of trauma in the family system on child development. To conclude, humanitarian organizations that provide services and interventions to refugees need to take into account familial processes and not only individual factors affecting refugee children\u2019s physical and mental health. Further implications on policies and trauma research are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17228378","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,12]],"date-time":"2020-11-12T10:00:32Z","timestamp":1605175232000},"page":"8378","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["\u201cChildren Are Not Children Anymore; They Are a Lost Generation\u201d: Adverse Physical and Mental Health Consequences on Syrian Refugee Children"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8237-2881","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niveen","family":"Rizkalla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mack Center on Mental Health &amp; Social Conflict, School of Social Welfare, University of California Berkeley, 120 Haviland Hall, #7400, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7747-9660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nour K.","family":"Mallat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, 2121, Berkeley Way #5302, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1024-0548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rahma","family":"Arafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, 2121, Berkeley Way #5302, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5179-0602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suher","family":"Adi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Political Science &amp; Middle Eastern Studies, University of California Berkeley, 210 Barrows Hall #1950, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8478-7247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laila","family":"Soudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Stanford University, 291 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6204-6950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven P.","family":"Segal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mack Center on Mental Health &amp; Social Conflict, School of Social Welfare, University of California Berkeley, 120 Haviland Hall, #7400, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"UNHCR (2020, January 23). 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