{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T10:16:37Z","timestamp":1790331397626,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,17]],"date-time":"2020-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605571200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005289","name":"National Institute of Justice","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016-ZA-BX-K001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016-ZA-BX-K001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005289","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005289","name":"National Institute of Justice","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018-2A-CX-0002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-2A-CX-0002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005289","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Today\u2019s youth have extensive access to the internet and frequently engage in social networking activities using various social media platforms and devices. This is a phenomenon that hate groups are exploiting when disseminating their propaganda. This study seeks to better understand youth exposure to hateful material in the online space by exploring predictors of such exposure including demographic characteristics (age, gender, and race), academic performance, online behaviors, online disinhibition, risk perception, and parents\/guardians\u2019 supervision of online activities. We implemented a cross-sectional study design, using a paper questionnaire, in two high schools in Massachusetts (USA), focusing on students 14 to 19 years old. Logistic regression models were used to study the association between independent variables (demographics, online behaviors, risk perception, parental supervision) and exposure to hate online. Results revealed an association between exposure to hate messages in the online space and time spent online, academic performance, communicating with a stranger on social media, and benign online disinhibition. In our sample, benign online disinhibition was also associated with students\u2019 risk of encountering someone online that tried to convince them of racist views. This study represents an important contribution to understanding youth\u2019s risk factors of exposure to hateful material online.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17228531","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,17]],"date-time":"2020-11-17T11:02:12Z","timestamp":1605610932000},"page":"8531","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Youth Exposure to Hate in the Online Space: An Exploratory Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2545-0174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nigel","family":"Harriman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Preparedness, Research, Evaluation, and Practice Program, Division of Policy Translation and Leadership Development, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9496-4852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neil","family":"Shortland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Terrorism and Security Studies, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Max","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Preparedness, Research, Evaluation, and Practice Program, Division of Policy Translation and Leadership Development, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tyler","family":"Cote","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Operation 250, Lowell, MA 01854, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcia A.","family":"Testa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Preparedness, Research, Evaluation, and Practice Program, Division of Policy Translation and Leadership Development, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Savoia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Preparedness, Research, Evaluation, and Practice Program, Division of Policy Translation and Leadership Development, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Leggett, S. (2017). Childhood 2017: For Children and Teenagers, It Is Increasingly All about Mobile, Childwise Institute."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"32","article-title":"A new kind of terror: Radicalizing youth in Canada","volume":"1","author":"Corb","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Exit-Dtschl."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Mughal, S. (2020, September 01). Radicalisation of Young People Through Social Media. Available online: https:\/\/www.internetmatters.org\/hub\/expert-opinion\/radicalisation-of-young-people-through-social-media\/."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Hawdon, J., Ryan, J., and Lucht, M. (2014). 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