{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T11:46:18Z","timestamp":1791632778706,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":154,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,28]],"date-time":"2020-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["742269"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["742269"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Advances generated in medicine, science, and technology have contributed to a better quality of life in recent years; however, antimicrobial resistance has also benefited from these advances, creating various environmental and health problems. Several determinants may explain the problem of antimicrobial resistance, such as wastewater treatment plants that represent a powerful agent for the promotion of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARG), and are an important factor in mitigating the problem. This article focuses on reviewing current technologies for ARB and ARG removal treatments, which include disinfection, constructed wetlands, advanced oxidation processes (AOP), anaerobic, aerobic, or combined treatments, and nanomaterial-based treatments. Some of these technologies are highly intensive, such as AOP; however, other technologies require long treatment times or high doses of oxidizing agents. From this review, it can be concluded that treatment technologies must be significantly enhanced before the environmental and heath problems associated with antimicrobial resistance can be effectively solved. In either case, it is necessary to achieve total removal of bacteria and genes to avoid the possibility of regrowth given by the favorable environmental conditions at treatment plant facilities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17238866","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,29]],"date-time":"2020-11-29T21:00:57Z","timestamp":1606683657000},"page":"8866","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Treatment Processes for Microbial Resistance Mitigation: The Technological Contribution to Tackle the Problem of Antibiotic Resistance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Bair\u00e1n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ciencias, Benem\u00e9rita Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Puebla, Puebla 72570, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgette","family":"Rebollar-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda Qu\u00edmica, Benem\u00e9rita Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Puebla, Puebla 72570, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edith","family":"Ch\u00e1vez-Bravo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ciencias, Benem\u00e9rita Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Puebla, Puebla 72570, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3016-5028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ciencias, Benem\u00e9rita Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Puebla, Puebla 72570, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.105059","article-title":"Soil biota, antimicrobial resistance and planetary health","volume":"131","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. 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