{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T12:03:55Z","timestamp":1781093035083,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,4]],"date-time":"2020-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000125","name":"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 OH011302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 OH011302"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000125","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000125","name":"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 OH011682"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 OH011682"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000125","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The factors that predict treatment of lung injury in occupational cohorts are poorly defined. We aimed to identify patient characteristics associated with initiation of treatment with inhaled corticosteroid\/long-acting beta-agonist (ICS\/LABA) &gt;2 years among World Trade Center (WTC)-exposed firefighters. The study population included 8530 WTC-exposed firefighters. Multivariable logistic regression assessed the association of patient characteristics with ICS\/LABA treatment for &gt;2 years over two-year intervals from 11 September 2001\u201310 September 2017. Cox proportional hazards models measured the association of high probability of ICS\/LABA initiation with actual ICS\/LABA initiation in subsequent intervals. Between 11 September 2001\u20131 July 2018, 1629\/8530 (19.1%) firefighters initiated ICS\/LABA treatment for &gt;2 years. Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 s (FEV1), wheeze, and dyspnea were consistently and independently associated with ICS\/LABA treatment. High-intensity WTC exposure was associated with ICS\/LABA between 11 September 2001\u201310 September 2003. The 10th percentile of risk for ICS\/LABA between 11 September 2005\u201310 Septmeber 2007 was associated with a 3.32-fold increased hazard of actual ICS\/LABA initiation in the subsequent 4 years. In firefighters with WTC exposure, FEV1, wheeze, and dyspnea were independently associated with prolonged ICS\/LABA treatment. A high risk for treatment was identifiable from routine monitoring exam results years before treatment initiation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17239056","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,4]],"date-time":"2020-12-04T11:59:00Z","timestamp":1607083140000},"page":"9056","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Factors Predicting Treatment of World Trade Center-Related Lung Injury: A Longitudinal Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9248-3481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Putman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"},{"name":"Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine Division, Department of Medicine and Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3494-4363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lies","family":"Lahousse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David G.","family":"Goldfarb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Bureau of Health Services and the FDNY World Trade Center Health Program, Fire Department of the City of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA"},{"name":"Pulmonary Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10467, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Zeig-Owens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Bureau of Health Services and the FDNY World Trade Center Health Program, Fire Department of the City of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA"},{"name":"Pulmonary Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10467, USA"},{"name":"Division of Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theresa","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Bureau of Health Services and the FDNY World Trade Center Health Program, Fire Department of the City of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA"},{"name":"Pulmonary Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10467, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ankura","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Bureau of Health Services and the FDNY World Trade Center Health Program, Fire Department of the City of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA"},{"name":"Pulmonary Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10467, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brandon","family":"Vaeth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Bureau of Health Services and the FDNY World Trade Center Health Program, Fire Department of the City of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA"},{"name":"Pulmonary Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10467, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9982-8120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles B.","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biostatistics, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Lancet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Office of Medical Affairs, Fire Department of the City of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mayris P.","family":"Webber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Bureau of Health Services and the FDNY World Trade Center Health Program, Fire Department of the City of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA"},{"name":"Division of Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hillel W.","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Prezant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Bureau of Health Services and the FDNY World Trade Center Health Program, Fire Department of the City of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA"},{"name":"Pulmonary Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10467, USA"},{"name":"The Office of Medical Affairs, Fire Department of the City of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael D.","family":"Weiden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine Division, Department of Medicine and Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA"},{"name":"The Bureau of Health Services and the FDNY World Trade Center Health Program, Fire Department of the City of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.02110703","article-title":"Characterization of the dust\/smoke aerosol that settled east of the World Trade Center (WTC) in lower Manhattan after the collapse of the WTC 11 September 2001","volume":"110","author":"Lioy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. 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