{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T04:23:52Z","timestamp":1772252632003,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,6]],"date-time":"2020-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607212800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gender differences have been documented in the prevalence of psychological symptoms. Tic disorders and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are more common in male clinical samples, while selective mutism and trichotillomania are more common in female clinical samples. In a review of 84 published case studies of Japanese children, this study explored gender differences in the prevalence of four categories of symptoms and expressions made in therapy for tics, selective mutism, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and trichotillomania. Case studies were evaluated using both qualitative coding and statistical analysis. The findings were mostly consistent with epidemiological surveys and empirical research on adults. The gender differences in symptom prevalence and their expression could be summarized as differences in more direct aggression for boys versus indirect aggression for girls. The objective and progress in the therapy were to control impulsive energy for boys and to express energy for girls.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17239113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,7]],"date-time":"2020-12-07T12:24:39Z","timestamp":1607343879000},"page":"9113","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Gender Differences in Psychological Symptoms and Psychotherapeutic Processes in Japanese Children"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1588-7551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toshio","family":"Kawai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kokoro Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuka","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kokoro Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chihiro","family":"Hatanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kokoro Research Center, Uehiro Uehiro Research Division, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hisae","family":"Konakawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kokoro Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yasuhiro","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Education, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aya","family":"Uchida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1037\/a0024780","article-title":"An invariant dimensional liability model of gender differences in mental disorder prevalence: Evidence from a national sample","volume":"121","author":"Eaton","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. 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