{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T21:22:52Z","timestamp":1790803372469,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,8]],"date-time":"2020-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607385600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study examines the relationships between loneliness, gender, and age for people without and with disabilities (moderate versus severe) in Germany. Using data taken from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) for the years 2013 and 2017 and using the UCLA (University of California, Los Angeles) Loneliness Scale, in general we found that males report lower loneliness scores as compared to those for females. Furthermore, we found a strong association between loneliness and the individual\u2019s age, but with differences according to gender and disability status. For example, for males with severe disabilities levels of loneliness decrease with age, whereas for females with severe disabilities the opposite result is found. In addition, we found that participation in leisure activities and having a higher frequency of contacts with family, friends, and social online networks (measured by the relational time index) contribute to reducing loneliness for all individuals. From a public policy perspective, it is necessary to undertake the design, promotion, and implementation of instrumental, emotional, and social support measures for people with disabilities (in particular for females that are severely limited in their daily activities), which can contribute to reducing their loneliness scores and increasing their levels of life satisfaction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17249176","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,8]],"date-time":"2020-12-08T20:27:15Z","timestamp":1607459235000},"page":"9176","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["Gender and Age Differences in Loneliness: Evidence for People without and with Disabilities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Pagan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Economics, University of Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa4203_11","article-title":"Developing a measure of loneliness","volume":"42","author":"Russell","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Personal. Assess."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Hartog, J., Audy, R., and Cohen, Y.A. (1980). Loneliness in two northeastern cities. The Anatomy of Loneliness, International Universities Press."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1177\/0265407509106718","article-title":"Causal beliefs, social participation, and loneliness among older adults: A longitudinal study","volume":"26","author":"Newall","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Soc. Pers. Relatsh."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1080\/13548506.2014.940354","article-title":"Loneliness, social relations and health and well-being in deprived communities","volume":"20","author":"Kearns","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol. Health Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1086\/224378","article-title":"Social Participation and Happiness","volume":"72","author":"Phillips","year":"1967","journal-title":"Am. J. Sociol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/30.6.701","article-title":"Happiness and Social Participation in Aging","volume":"30","author":"Graney","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"269","article-title":"Loneliness Research: Basic Concepts and Findings","volume":"Volume 24","author":"Sarason","year":"1985","journal-title":"Social Support: Theory, Research and Applications"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"32","article-title":"Loneliness and interpersonal problem solving as predictors of subjective wellbeing","volume":"5","author":"Saygin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Inf. Educ. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2017.1348480","article-title":"The association between loneliness and health\u2014A survey-based study among middle-aged and older adults in Denmark","volume":"22","author":"Jessen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aging Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Peplau, L., and Perlman, D. (1982). Loneliness: A Sourcebook of Current Theory, Research and Therapy, Wiley."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Peplau, L.A., and Goldston, S.E. (1984). Loneliness research: A survey of empirical findings, Preventing the Harmful Consequences of Severe and Persistent Loneliness, DHHS publication no. ADM 84-112."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691615570616","article-title":"Loneliness: Clinical import and interventions","volume":"10","author":"Cacioppo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Perspect. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-73820-8_9","article-title":"Pathways from Ageism to Loneliness","volume":"Volume 19","author":"Ayalon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Contemporary Perspectives on Ageism"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.1977.40.3.807","article-title":"Seasonal suicide attempts and forms of loneliness","volume":"40","author":"Wenz","year":"1977","journal-title":"Psychol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1037\/h0079980","article-title":"Loneliness, social drinking, and vulnerability to alcohol problems","volume":"18","author":"Sadava","year":"1986","journal-title":"Can. J. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1177\/0898264315589579","article-title":"Association of alcohol use and loneliness frequency among middle-aged and older adult drinkers","volume":"28","author":"Canham","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Aging Health"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niu, L., Jia, C., Ma, Z., Wang, G., Yu, Z., and Zhou, L. (2018). The validity of proxy-based data on loneliness in suicide research: A case-control psychological autopsy study in rural China. BMC Psychiatry, 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-018-1687-x"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"14","article-title":"Loneliness","volume":"26","author":"Copel","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Psychosoc. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(92)90300-F","article-title":"Loneliness and alcohol abuse: A review of evidence of an interplay","volume":"34","author":"Akerlind","year":"1992","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/0191-8869(95)00025-2","article-title":"The UCLA loneliness scale: Invariance of social structural characteristics","volume":"19","author":"Allen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Personal. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1080\/1360786031000101193","article-title":"Loneliness, health and depression in older males","volume":"7","author":"Alpass","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aging Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1017\/S0144686X1000139X","article-title":"Age and loneliness in 25 European nations","volume":"31","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ageing Soc."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0000117","article-title":"Age differences in loneliness from late adolescence to oldest old age","volume":"52","author":"Luhmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1002\/per.2220","article-title":"Gender differences in loneliness across the lifespan: A meta-analysis","volume":"33","author":"Maes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Personal."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Mund, M., and Neyer, F. (2020). Loneliness effects on personality. Int. J. Behav. Dev., in press."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barreto, M., Victor, M., Hammond, C., Eccles, A., Richins, M., and Qualter, P. (2020). Loneliness around the world: Age, gender, and cultural differences in loneliness. Personal. Individ. Prefer., in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2020.110066"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.21.1.140","article-title":"Loneliness as a specific risk factor for depressive symptoms: Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses","volume":"21","author":"Cacioppo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610209990974","article-title":"Loneliness in old age: Longitudinal changes and their determinants in an Israeli sample","volume":"21","author":"Shmotkin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. Psychogeriatr."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1007\/s12160-010-9210-8","article-title":"Loneliness matters: A theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms","volume":"40","author":"Hawkley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Behav. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2010.01.017","article-title":"Mental well-being: A 16-year follow-up among older residents in Jyvaskyla","volume":"52","author":"Heikkinen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2011.11.028","article-title":"Loneliness, health, and mortality in old age: A national longitudinal study","volume":"74","author":"Luo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2012.1993","article-title":"Loneliness in older persons: A predictor of functional decline and death","volume":"172","author":"Perissinotto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2015.1018866","article-title":"Executive functioning independently predicts self-rated health and improvement in self-rated health over time among community-dwelling older adults","volume":"20","author":"McHugh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aging Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2015-308790","article-title":"Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for coronary heart disease and stroke: Systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal observational studies","volume":"102","author":"Valtorta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(94)90294-1","article-title":"The disablement process","volume":"38","author":"Verbrugge","year":"1994","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"P195","article-title":"Gender differences in self-concept and psychological well-being in old age: A meta-analysis","volume":"56","author":"Pinquart","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. B Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2011.03.011","article-title":"Loneliness in elderly individuals, level of dependence in activities of daily living (ADL) and influential factors","volume":"54","author":"Hacihasanoglu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1080\/13683500.2019.1619675","article-title":"How important are holiday trips in preventing loneliness? Evidence for people without and with self-reported moderate and severe disabilities","volume":"23","author":"Pagan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Tour."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lubowiecki-Vikuk, A., de Sousa, B.M.B., Der\u010dan, B., and Leal-Filho, W. (2020). Leisure activities and loneliness among people with disabilities. Handbook of Sustainable Development and Leisure Services, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-59820-4"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1080\/13548500500262945","article-title":"Psychological distress, loneliness and disability in old age","volume":"11","author":"Paul","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychol. Health Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1177\/0898264308315431","article-title":"Effects of own and spousal disability on loneliness among older adults","volume":"20","author":"Korporaal","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Aging Health"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"162","article-title":"The social inclusion of people with disabilities: A qualitative meta-analysis","volume":"3","author":"Hall","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Ethnogr. Qual. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"106","article-title":"Gender differences in disability: Evidence and underlying reasons","volume":"12","author":"Leveille","year":"2000","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa6601_2","article-title":"UCLA loneliness Scale (Version 3): Reliability, validity, and factor structure","volume":"66","author":"Russell","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Personal. Assess."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1177\/0164027504268574","article-title":"A short scale for measuring loneliness in large surveys: Results from two population-based studies","volume":"26","author":"Hughes","year":"2004","journal-title":"Res. Aging"},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Hawkley, L., Duvoisin, R., Ackva, J., Murdoch, J., and Luhmann, M. (2015). Loneliness in Older Adults in the USA and Germany: Measurement Invariance and Validation, NORC at the University of Chicago."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1080\/09687599.2018.1476224","article-title":"The invisible enemy: Disability, loneliness and isolation","volume":"33","author":"Macdonald","year":"2018","journal-title":"Disabil. Soc."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guilcher, S., Craven, C., Basset-Gunter, R., Cimino, S., and Hitzig, S. (2019). An examination of objective social disconnectedness and perceived social isolation among persons with spinal cord injury\/dysfunction: A descriptive cross-sectional study. Disabil. Rehabil.","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2019.1616328"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rotenberg, K.J., and Hymel, S. (1999). Adolescent loneliness and adjustment: A focus on gender differences. Loneliness in Childhood and Adolescence, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511551888"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.2190\/AG.78.3.b","article-title":"Who are lonely? Loneliness in different age groups (18\u201381 years old), using two measures of loneliness","volume":"78","author":"Nicolaisen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Aging Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1177\/0265407507087961","article-title":"Girls\u2019 cognitions of hypothetical friends: Are they related to depression, loneliness, social anxiety and perceived similarity?","volume":"25","author":"Romero","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Soc. Pers. Relatsh."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-011-9726-7","article-title":"The interplay of loneliness and depressive symptoms across adolescence: Exploring the role of personality traits","volume":"41","author":"Vanhalst","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Youth Adolesc."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1080\/00223980.2011.613875","article-title":"The prevalence of loneliness among adults: A case study of the United Kingdom","volume":"146","author":"Victor","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-016-1279-3","article-title":"\u2018\u2018Where are all the lonely people?\u2019\u2019 A population-based study of high-risk groups across the life span","volume":"51","author":"Lasgaard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"139","article-title":"The German Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP) \u2013Scope, Evolution and Enhancements, Schmollers Jahrbuch","volume":"127","author":"Wagner","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Appl. Soc. Sci. Stud."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"345","article-title":"The German socio-economic panel (SOEP)","volume":"239","author":"Goebel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Jahrb\u00fccher Natl. Stat."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2015.1023767","article-title":"Is loneliness in later life a self-fulfilling prophecy?","volume":"20","author":"Pikhartova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aging Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1177\/0164027517698965","article-title":"Transitions in loneliness among older adults: A 5-year follow-up in the national social life, health, and aging project","volume":"40","author":"Hawkley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Res. Aging"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1080\/09638280500211759","article-title":"Assessing the loneliness of older people with cerebral palsy","volume":"28","author":"Balandin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1177\/0265407517712480","article-title":"Loneliness in the older adult marriage: Associations with dyadic aversion, indifference, and ambivalence","volume":"35","author":"Hsieh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Soc. Pers. Relat."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.1044","article-title":"A dynamic analysis of disability and labour force participation in Ireland 1995\u20132000","volume":"14","author":"Gannon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Health Econ."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.04.013","article-title":"Age and disability: Explaining the wage differential","volume":"69","author":"Gannon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Nolan, B., Watson, D., Williams, J., Noonan, P., O\u2019Connor, A., and Browne, J. (2003). Designing and Piloting an Irish Disability Research Instrument Based on WHO ICF, National Disability Authority."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6435.2008.00405.x","article-title":"Relational goods, sociability and happiness","volume":"61","author":"Becchetti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Kyklos"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hobbs, F., and Damon, B. (1996). 65+ in the United States.","DOI":"10.1037\/e401512005-001"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198311173092005","article-title":"Active life expectancy","volume":"309","author":"Katz","year":"1983","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Owen, S., Diehl, M., Blake, C., Perkowski, P., and Williams, J. (1998, January 20\u201324). Effects of age, sex, and self-concept clarity on older adults\u2019 psychological well-being. Proceedings of the 51st Scientific Meeting of the Gerontological Society of America, Philadelphia, PA, USA."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167285111006","article-title":"Gender differences in loneliness","volume":"11","author":"Borys","year":"1985","journal-title":"Personal. Soc. Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"STATA (2016). User\u00b4s Guide, Stata Press."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1179\/096979509799103124","article-title":"Self-esteem and loneliness in adults with mild intellectual disabilities working in sheltered workshops versus a regular work environment","volume":"55","author":"Gascon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"225","article-title":"Loneliness of the Elderly: Impact of family and friends","volume":"2","author":"Mullins","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Soc. Behav. Personal."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1017\/S0144686X08007526","article-title":"The experience of social and emotional loneliness of older people in Ireland","volume":"28","author":"Drennan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ageing Soc."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1037\/hea0000437","article-title":"Social isolation and loneliness: Prospective associations with functional status in older adults","volume":"36","author":"Shankar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effects of selected leisure activities on preventing loneliness among older Chinese","volume":"9","author":"The","year":"2019","journal-title":"SSM Popul. Health"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1177\/0265407588053001","article-title":"Loneliness: Differenced across three age levels","volume":"5","author":"Schultz","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Soc. Personal. Relatsh."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00270","article-title":"Chronicity and instability of children\u2019s peer victimization experiences as predictors of loneliness and social satisfaction trajectories","volume":"72","author":"Wardrop","year":"2001","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-4405(03)00048-7","article-title":"Childhood peer relationships: Social acceptance, friendships and peer net-works","volume":"41","author":"Brownell","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Sch. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3313","article-title":"Understanding adolescence as a period of social\u2013affective engagement and goal flexibility","volume":"13","author":"Crone","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691615568999","article-title":"Loneliness across the lifespan","volume":"10","author":"Qualter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Perspect. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3148.1993.tb00054.x","article-title":"Social comparisons, stigma and mainstreaming: The self-esteem of young adults with a mild mental handicap","volume":"6","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ment. Handicap Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.2012.01541.x","article-title":"\u2018We just stick together\u2019: How disabled teens negotiate stigma to create lasting friendship","volume":"57","author":"Salmon","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Intellect. Disabil. Res."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.17105\/spr-15-0080.1","article-title":"Bullying and students with disabilities: Examination of disability status and educational placement","volume":"44","author":"Rose","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sch. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s40894-016-0043-y","article-title":"Adolescents with disabilities","volume":"2","author":"Maxey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adolesc. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1017\/S0144686X04003332","article-title":"The prevalence of, and risk factors for, loneliness in later life: A survey of older people in Great Britain","volume":"25","author":"Victor","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ageing Soc."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1080\/00223980.2011.602132","article-title":"Toward a better understanding of loneliness in community-dwelling older adults","volume":"146","author":"Smith","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1037\/a0036889","article-title":"Loneliness in a day: Activity engagement, time alone, and experienced emotions","volume":"29","author":"Queen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1080\/01634372.2019.1687633","article-title":"\u201cYou never get used to loneliness\u201d-older adults\u2019 experiences of loneliness when applying for going on a senior summer camp","volume":"62","author":"Larsson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Soc. Work"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.12853","article-title":"Being in a bubble: The experience of loneliness among frail older people","volume":"72","author":"Taube","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Adv. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2017.11.004","article-title":"Lonelier than ever? Loneliness of older people over two decades","volume":"75","author":"Dahlberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"ref_90","unstructured":"Jensen, B.T., Modvig, J., and Nielsen, C. (2011). Funktionsevne. Klinisk Socialmedicin og Rehabilitering, FADL. (In Denish)."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1177\/0022146513484766","article-title":"Physical limitation and emotional wellbeing: Gender and marital status variations","volume":"54","author":"Caputo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Health Soc. Behav."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2013.10.016","article-title":"The nature of friendship in children with autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Petrina","year":"2014","journal-title":"Res. Autism Spectr. Disord."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hawkely, L., Buecker, S., Kaiser, T., and Luhmann, M. (2020). Loneliness from young adulthood to old age: Explaining age differences in loneliness. Int. J. Behav. Dev.","DOI":"10.1177\/0165025420971048"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/0160-7383(87)90109-5","article-title":"Leisure of disabled tourists: Barriers to participation","volume":"14","author":"Smith","year":"1987","journal-title":"Ann. Tour. Res."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1007\/s11482-015-9423-x","article-title":"Are relational goods important for people with disabilities?","volume":"11","author":"Pagan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Res. Qual. Life"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/24\/9176\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:42:32Z","timestamp":1760179352000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/24\/9176"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,8]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph17249176"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17249176","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,8]]}}}